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Use of PCR in forensic genetic analysis.
Dvořáková, Lenka ; Šimková, Halina (advisor) ; Vaněk, Daniel (referee)
Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR is molecular genetic method used to amplify the DNA fragment. Today it is one of the most popular and successful molecular genetic methods, which is used in many scientific and applied fields. PCR has many modifications derived from the classical scheme of reactions - for example multiplex PCR, inverse PCR, nested PCR, asymmetric PCR, and a lot more. The forensic genetic analysis is mainly used as a PCR amplification method of the studied loci for fragment analysis, as part of the sequencing and then quantified as a real-time PCR. The aim of this paper is to summarize the use of polymerase chain reaction in the forensic practice, and outline the methods in which PCR is used.
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Molecular phylogeography of the tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lajbner, Zdeněk ; Kotlík, Petr (advisor) ; Flajšhans, Martin (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) is a valued table fish native to Europe and Asia, but which is now widely distributed in many temperate freshwater regions of the world as the result of human-mediated translocations. Spatial genetic analysis applied to sequence data from four unlinked loci (introns of three nuclear genes and mitochondrial DNA) defined two groups of populations that were little structured geographically but were significantly differentiated from each other, and it identified locations of major genetic breaks, which were concordant across genes and were driven by distributions of two major phylogroups. This pattern most reasonably reflects isolation in two principal glacial refugia and subsequent range expansions, with the Eastern and Western phylogroups remaining largely allopatric throughout the tench range. However, this phylogeographic variation was also present in European cultured breeds and some populations at the western edge of the native range contained the Eastern phylogroup. Thus, natural processes have played an important role in structuring tench populations, but human-aided dispersal have also contributed significantly, with the admixed genetic composition of cultured breeds most likely contributing to the introgression. I have then designed novel PCR-RFLP assays...
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Study of expression and maturation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system during mammal's prenatal period
Mrhálková, Andrea ; Hůlková, Martina (advisor) ; Ješina, Pavel (referee)
Postnatal adaptation of neonate to extrauterine life is among others dependent on maturation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). It depends on effective mitochondrial biogenesis during fetal developement. The inadequate capacity of mitochondrial OXPHOS system plays an important role in the neonatal mortality and morbidity. Therefore the study of mitochondrial biogenesis on molecular and biochemical level is important to improve the care of very premature neonates, especially critically ill premature neonates. This thesis has been worked out in The laboratory for study of mitochondrial disorders (Department of Pediatrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague). The thesis is based on molecular genetic analyses, which are focused on characterisation of ATP synthase gene expression and on changes in mitochondrial DNA content during human and rat fetal development. The results provide the better insight into mitochondrial respectively ATP synthase biogenesis during human and rat fetal development.
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Phylogeography and conservation genetics of endangered saproxylic beetles in Europe
DRAG, Lukáš
This thesis introduces the use of molecular methods for the conservation of several species of endangered saproxylic beetles in Europe. It focuses on the questions related to the DNA preservation and microsatellites development, as well as the evolutionary history and conservation of threatened species. Using the combination of mitochondrial and nuclear markers, the genetic diversity and reintroduction history of Cerambyx cerdo was assessed and the phylogeography of Rosalia alpina from the whole range of its distribution was studied. This information is valuable for designing more efficient conservation strategies.
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Colonisation of islands by the insectivorous mammals
Matějů, Petr ; Černá Bolfíková, Barbora (advisor) ; Kristýna, Kristýna (referee)
Biological invasions are a serious problem worldwide. Besides the natural colonizations mediated by tectonic movements or formation of a land bridge connection, there are also the artificial ones. Humans can deliberately or undeliberately translocate species across ecosystems. Recently, mainly because of the buisness and tourism there is a dramatical increase in human-mediated biological invasions. Many authors, who discussed invasions in the past, were focused on rodents. Despite its severe impact on the ecosystems the topic of insectivorous mammals remains relatively untouched by scientists so far. Practical part of this thesis is focused on the Northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) and his dispersal in the Mediterranean area. Mitochondrial control region sequences of 28 samples were analyzed and compared to already published data from GenBank. Discussion was made through phylogenetical analysis. Main topics of discussion were focused on a possible contemporaneity and a course of transfer of the gene flow. Most of the samples showed haplotype similarity with individuals occupying the closest mainland. On the other hand samples from Skyros did not go with the trend. They matched with haplotype from Crete.
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The Germanic Settlement of Bohemia at the Turn of the Roman Period and the Great Migration Period (Stage D1)
ŠŤASTNÁ, Soňa
This bachelor thesis deals with the settlement of Bohemia between the Late Roman Period and the epoch known as the Great Migration Period. It gives a brief review of historical events concerning this period and shows how this period is reflected in the archaeological findings as well as it provides an overview of Bohemian and Moravian settlement sites and burial grounds. In its following parts it deals with the terms as e.g. archaeological culture, ethnicity, identity and with their relationship to the other disciplines. It also shows the possibilities and limitations of archaeological researches on the field of ethnicity and its clarification.
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Phylogeography in Nearctic birds
MIKULÁŠ, Ivan
Birds are a group of the highly mobile animals in which phylogeographic differentiation might be comparatively minor. Geographic patterns of genetic variation were reviewed and compared in codistributed North American bird species. The second part of the thesis is focused on taxonomic rank of Nearctic bird subspecies.
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Application of DNA barcoding on genus \kur{Folsomia} (Collembola) and mitochondrial geonome of \kur{F. candida}
SLÁMOVÁ, Martina
Mitochondrial molecular marker COI was tested for use in species identification of selected species of genus Folsomia (Collembola). Marker was succesfuly amplified and sequenced. Dendrogram constructed by Neighbor-Joining method with Kimura-2-Parameter model grouped all individuals into presumed species clusters and high intraspecific variability of F. quadrioculata suggests the existence of cryptic species. Furthermore, 65 % of mitochondrial geonome of F. candida was obtained with 16 tRNA genes, 9 proteincoding genes and 2 rRNA genes identified. So far the genome characteristics correspond to the one described in G. hodgsoni.
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