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Virom of lower urinary tracts
Cirbusová, Adéla ; Saláková, Martina (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
The human urinary tract was considered to be a sterile environment for many years. However, studies over the past decade have shown that urine harbours rich microbial community which includes also viruses. Nevertheless, there is only very little known about urinary virome so far. Optimised Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) protocol was used to describe the urinary virome of three individuals. However, characterization of the virome from urine samples using NGS proved to be quite challenging, mainly due to observed viral genomes fragmentation. Despite this problem, it was possible to identify human endogenous retroviruses in all individuals and also JC polyomavirus in two of them. Quantitative PCR was further used to characterize part of the urinary virome represented by human DNA viruses. Possible differences in prevalence and viral load of human DNA viruses were observed in individuals with and without bladder carcinoma (bc). Urine of these patients was obtained from different sites of the urinary tract to further establish, if there is a difference in these samples. Torque Teno virus and JC polyomavirus were found as the most common viruses. Torque Teno virus was detected in 75 % patients with and 60 % patients without bc, JC polyomavirus in 43,8 % patients with and 50 % patients without bc. BK...
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Detection of neuronal activity associated with function of lower urinary tract with use of functional magnetic resonance imaging
Holý, Petr ; Zachoval, Roman (advisor) ; Hanuš, Tomáš (referee) ; Mašata, Jaromír (referee)
of the thesis Considerable research attention has been paid to the neural regulation of the lower urinary tract (LUT) in past three decades. The aim of this work is mapping of a brain activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using refined scanning protocol with synchronously performed urodynamics. We aimed to detect neural activity associated with pelvic floor muscle (PF) contractions, filling of urinary bladder and miction. In addition we evaluated using fMRI brain activity associated with urinary bladder filling in patients with a complete spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized activation of brainstem and forebrain areas in receiving information from the vagal nerves. Adjustments of urodynamic system enabled successful implementation of synchronous filling cystometry with fMRI evaluation of cortical activity. We concluded that synchronous urodynamic examination is a novel feasible method that facilitates and enhance interpretation of fMRI data acquired. The main clusters of brain activation during PF contractions were observed in the medial surface of the frontal lobe (primary motor area) and supplementary motor area (SMA). We detected neural activity associated with filling of urinary bladder and miction in middle and inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, posterior and...
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Detection of neuronal activity associated with function of lower urinary tract with use of functional magnetic resonance imaging
Holý, Petr ; Zachoval, Roman (advisor) ; Hanuš, Tomáš (referee) ; Mašata, Jaromír (referee)
of the thesis Considerable research attention has been paid to the neural regulation of the lower urinary tract (LUT) in past three decades. The aim of this work is mapping of a brain activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using refined scanning protocol with synchronously performed urodynamics. We aimed to detect neural activity associated with pelvic floor muscle (PF) contractions, filling of urinary bladder and miction. In addition we evaluated using fMRI brain activity associated with urinary bladder filling in patients with a complete spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized activation of brainstem and forebrain areas in receiving information from the vagal nerves. Adjustments of urodynamic system enabled successful implementation of synchronous filling cystometry with fMRI evaluation of cortical activity. We concluded that synchronous urodynamic examination is a novel feasible method that facilitates and enhance interpretation of fMRI data acquired. The main clusters of brain activation during PF contractions were observed in the medial surface of the frontal lobe (primary motor area) and supplementary motor area (SMA). We detected neural activity associated with filling of urinary bladder and miction in middle and inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, posterior and...
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Diagnostic imaging methods in children with disorders of the lower urinary tract
VOLMANOVÁ, Martina
A large part of the population of all age groups suffers from the lower urinary tract diseases. The most reliable imaging methods proving the possible pathology not only in the field of urology are methods joint with the ionizing radiation. However this method has a negative impact on the human organism, especially in view of the ability of reproduction and possibility of tumorous disease occurrence. An especially risky group are patients of children´s age, on whom I concentrated in this thesis. Since the birth, various diseases of excretory system appear in children´s age group. Very frequent are urinary tract infections leading to the vesicoureteral reflux. In chapters of this thesis the methods are analyzed which could be taken in consideration for the diagnostics of the vesicoureteral reflux. The most frequently applied methods, i.e. X-ray methods and methods without ionizing radiation, which are the most suitable ones thanks to the absence of radiation load are compared here. The target of this thesis was to summarise the knowledge concerning the voiding cystourethrography in comparison with the methods without ionising radiation, i.e. the magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, to define the diagnostic possibilities of the methods without ionising radiation and to recommend the way of their application. Moreover, I evaluated the work of radiological assistant during applying these methods. I performed an examination in the Radiological Department of the Hospital of České Budějovice a.s., where I collected the information concerning the diagnostics of the lower urinary tract and how the individual methods are applied. In 2009, 116 voiding cystourethrographies were performed here on 58 girls and 46 boys in the age ranging from 1 week to 18 years incl.. The most voiding cystourethrographies were performed on children up to 1 year of age. The same number of ultrasonographic examinations was performed, however, only as control examination after the voiding cystourethrography. The examination by means of the magnetic resonance imaging is not performed at all. During 116 examinations by the voiding cystourethrography, 42,3% pathologic findings were discovered, in the most cases vesicoureteral reflux. The activity of the radiological assistant was necessary only during the voiding cystourethrography. After examination of the individual methods I can conclude that the X-ray voiding cystourethrography is unambiguously the {\clqq}golden``, i.e. most common standard in the diagnostics of the vesicoureteral reflux and further pathologic phenomena causing the lower urinary tract diseases.
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