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Vliv poškození lesa pastvou na aridizaci krajiny v severním Mongolsku
Hudzieczek, Jaroslav
The theme of this thesis (Effect of grazing for forest damage and related aridization of northern Mongolia) is mainly focused to study and assess the impact of excessive forest grazing on the ability of natural regeneration with consequent negative impact on increase of aridization and desertification elswhere in northern Mongolia. The research was focused on sites Goricho, Barun Bayan and Dzun Bayan in the national park Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area and the area of the National park Khowsgol Nur Lake. The significant damage of larch forests was found and studied in all four study areas. The main role have livestock grazing, and to a lesser extent also a wildlife. Among the most affected young trees dominated tree species: Larix sibirica, Betulaspp. and Pinus sibirica. Studied forests of the Goricho display high mortality, and their natural regeneration is strongly reduced due excessive forest grazing. Locations Barun Bayan and Dzun Bayan are due to their remoteness damaged to a lesser extent than Goricho. Natural regeneration at the site Khowsgol Nur is subjected to heavy grazing pressure, especially from goats and sheep, regeneration is severely damaged. Larix sibirica was examined at this Khowsgol Nur site as damaged in lesser extent (damaged individuals outweighed healthy individuals). Due to the high damage raid on Goricho and Khowsgol Nur is the decreased ability of vegetation to restore forests naturally. All these areas are highly vulnerable to increasing aridization and desertification. The process of desertification, which is among the planned priority and dealt with development aid projects in Mongolia, is currently very topical in other arid parts of the world and this is the main reason why the present research is realized. Both aridization and desertification along Northern Mongolia is documented by significant signs of water and wind erosion and increase of annual temperature and context of lower water supply.
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History and presence of oak stands in Europe
Kloučková, Dominika ; Bače, Radek (advisor) ; Janda, Pavel (referee)
The aim of this work is to evaluate historical human impact on the expansion of European oak stands in the past through scientific publications and to find existing limitations that affect the oak recovery ability. The European historical forest is characterized by coppicing, of which origins date back to the Neolithic period. The coppice featured vegetative renewal, in the coppice with standards there were left standards of the generative origin, often oaks. Both forms have a very long tradition in European countries. People used the sprouting capacity and the quick regeneration of oak especially for construction purposes and their need for firewood. Acorns secured the source of food for pig farming. Based on for example the ring width or pollen analysis, current methods of research permit to assess the impact of active management on the oak stands and outline the structure of primeval forests. It turned out that coppicing has a positive effect on the increment of oak standards and that the open landscape with a rich diversity of species, which features a picture of a primeval forest, was always maintained especially by a man starting forest fires. Since the mid-20th century, it was gradually transferred to the high shape of the wood, which favors generative way to recovery, and thus monocultures of often coniferous trees are created. Oak is currently health endangered tree species and its recovery is negatively affected by grazing deer (browsing), the influence of abrupt climate change, weed, pathogenic fungi of the genus Phytophthora, oak powdery mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides), tracheomycotic diseases or larvae of winter moth (Operophtera Brumata) and green oak moth (Tortrix viridana). Finally, it is inappropriately selected management that is not based on the rich history of this species and doesn´t preserve its characteristic natural properties.
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Grazing and grazing systems in prehistoric Europe
BELAVÁ, Barbora
This bachelor work deals with pasture and pastoral strategies in prehistoric Europe. This work summarizes informations about spectrum of breeding species of farm animals and types of pastoral landscape on the basis of archaeozoological and archaeobotanical data. It also dwells on the food resources, especially leaf fodder.
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