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Nuclear power plant accidents and their impacts
BOROVKA, Petr
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of nuclear power plant accidents. First the basic terms for nuclear energy are explained. Then the reactor and the types of reactors used are described. Furthermore safety systems for nuclear energy are analyzed and examples of systems used are given. The Temelín nuclear power plant is described, because of comparison that comes afterwards. After that the topic moves on to the description of three serious accidents of nuclear plants. Specifically accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Fukushima nuclear power plant and the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. Furthermore in the following chapters a comparison was made of the individual described accidents with the Temelín nuclear power plant. For the Chernobyl accident the comparison consists of comparing the biological shield with containment, xenon poi-soning and positive cavity coefficient, control rods, backup types of power supply, and finally the explosion during the accident is analyzed. For comparison with the Fukushi-ma accident, the risk of natural disasters in the area where the Temelín nuclear power plant is located is pointed out also an analysis of rivers near the nuclear power plant was made. With the Fukushima accident, the differences in containment structures and the risks associated with the accident are described. Furthermore, the accident of Three Mile Island was compared with the accident at the Rovno nuclear power plant, as it was the same type of accident with different results. Then a comparison was made in measuring the water level in the reactor and the procedure for measuring the water level for the VVER-1000/V320 type reactor was described.
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Knowledge of population about nuclear disaster at Fukushima in South Bohemian region
TŘEŠNIČKOVÁ, Tereza
This bachelor thesis deals with the knowledge of population about nuclear disaster at Fukushima in South Bohemian region. The goal is to determine the level of knowledge of population about the nuclear disaster and then compare the knowledge of people living in cities and people living in villages. In the thesis were set two hypotheses: H1: The knowledge of the population about nuclear disaster at Fukushima in South Bohemian region will reach at least 70 % and H2: The knowledge of the population living in cities about nuclear disaster at Fukushima will be statistically significantly higher than the knowledge of the population living in villages. To achieve the stated goals and to test the hypotheses, a questionnaire was compiled, and a survey was made. The results of the survey were evaluated by methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions. The survey consisted of 55 people living in cities and 54 people living in villages. The results of the survey show that the overall percentage of correctly answered questions was 50 %, which can be considered as an average result. 54 % of people living in cities answered the questions correctly and people living in villages 46 % correctly. The set goals were achieved and both hypotheses were refuted. The benefit of this bachelor thesis is to obtain a summary of knowledge of population about nuclear disaster at Fukushima in South Bohemian region. The results can be used like information material.
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Emergency and current exposure situation in residential areas of Fukushima prefecture - aspects of communication of low dose risks
ŠÁROVÁ, Romana
The diploma thesis examines the post-accident and current exposure situations in residential areas of the Fukushima prefecture and discusses certain aspects on communication concerning the risks of low doses. The evaluation was based on research and collection of information and data from printed and electronic resources. The results show the sequence of steps carried out by the Fukushima prefecture and IAEA and the degree to which they were successful. The aim of the diploma thesis is to offer a clear comparison of the monitoring of the post-accident situation in specific areas of the Fukushima prefecture and the situation achieved after a comprehensive decontamination and remediation of the environment. We compared the measured values of the current radiation situation at the Fukushima prefecture with values in the Czech Republic, available thanks to the MONRAS application. The thesis also examines how the authorities communicated with the people of Fukushima before the evacuation and in the period after the evacuation when the habitable part was decontaminated and the government sought (and still seeks) to return people to these areas. I also explored the approach to the optimisation of radiation protection in Fukushima, how this principle can be interpreted in the Czech Republic and how to contribute to sufficient awareness of the population in terms of a general understanding of the limits and optimisation of radiation protection in case of a nuclear accident. For this purpose, an informational brochure was created using the Canva Pro online tool. This brochure represents the practical output of the diploma thesis. The decontamination efforts can be considered successful, given that the measured content of caesium in the environment has been radically lowered; one negative consequence was the creation of a large amount of radioactive waste. The air dose rate is comparable to general global background radiation. The residents therefore don't need to be afraid to return to their homes.
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Comparing Awareness Students of Universities about Accidents at Nuclear Facilities in Selected Areas
JANDOVÁ, Kamila
The diploma thesis compared the awareness of university students of accidents at nuclear facilities. The aim of the thesis was to compare and assess the awareness of students of three universities in České Budějovice and one university in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. The Czech universities concerned were the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia, the College of European and Regional, and the Institute of Technology and Business; the Russian university was the Russian State Hydrometeorological University. First, two hypotheses were set. The aim of the first hypothesis was to find out if the students of Russian State Hydrometeorological University will have statistically significantly better knowledge about accidents at nuclear facilities than the students of the three universities in České Budějovice. The aim of the second hypothesis was to find out if the students of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia will have statistically significantly better knowledge about accidents at nuclear facilities than the students of the other two universities in České Budějovice. In order to achieve the set aim and to verify the hypothesis a questionnaire, comprising 15 questions, was compiled and a survey was carried out; its results were then evaluated using the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The total number of 200 students from the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation took part in the survey. The first hypothesis, which compared the knowledge of the students of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University and the students of the three universities in České Budějovice, was disproved. The second hypothesis, which compared the knowledge of the students of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia and the students of the other two universities in České Budějovice, was approved. The results of the survey showed that there were statistically significant differences between the Russian and Czech students, and between the students of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of University of South Bohemia and the students of the other two universities in České Budějovice as far as their knowledge of accidents at nuclear facilities is concerned.
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Nuclear accidents and subsequent measures to protect the population
SVITÁK, Daniel
This bachelor thesis deals with the protection of the population and subsequent measures in the event of a radiation emergency. When comparing the two largest nuclear accidents (Chernobyl and Fukushima), a great similarity was found not only in the implementation of safeguard measures, but also in the errors made by the responsible authorities. By comparing these events, we could answer the question of how the approach to protecting the population differed in the bipolar division of the world from the perspective of the "Eastern", which is represented by the former USSR and the view of the "Western" represented by Japan. With the resulting analysis, we confirmed that in both the USSR and Japan, this approach differed only in the source of the likely risk, which was given greater attention than the other risks. In case of comparison of the measures of protection of the population of the Czech Republic, which are mentioned in the emergency plans, with those introduced in the world in the case of The RMU, we concluded that the measures of the Czech Republic are on the same level and can be considered as a world standard. To support the resulting claims, the measures introduced at the Fukushima RMU are compared with those during the 2015 Zone Temelín emergency exercise. An integral part is the evaluation of the level of information of the Czech population in the field of protection of the population. An analysis of the results of the supplementary questionnaire survey confirmed the claim of low level of information of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic. Therefore, the work will also focus on the need to raise public awareness in the field of population protection and propose measures to raise the level of information to the required level.
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Behaviour of radioactive substances in the Vltava and Elbe Rivers during nuclear accident
Juranová, Eva ; Hanslík, Eduard (advisor) ; Matějíček, Luboš (referee) ; Světlík, Ivo (referee)
Behaviour of radioactive substances in the Vltava and Elbe Rivers during nuclear accident Ing. Eva Juranová Supervisor: Ing. Eduard Hanslík, CSc. Abstract This work is focused in the research of the behaviour of radioactive substances released into the hydrosphere of the Vltava River and the subsequent Elbe stretch during a severe accident at the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. The background values of anthropogenic radionuclides in surface water, residual contamination after the Chernobyl accident and after atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons, were evaluated using two methods and these methods were compared. The migration of the accidental radioactive contaminants in the watercourse would be mainly influenced by their ability to sorb onto the solid phase in the hydrosphere. Therefore, the sorption of particular anthropogenic radionuclides onto bottom sediments and solids suspended in the water column was monitored and evaluated at several sites along the Vltava and the Elbe Rivers. Furthermore, the possibility of using tritium, which is discharged during normal operation of the Temelín power plant, as tracers for the purposes of modelling the migration of pollution, was assessed.
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The awareness of the Vysočina region population about the nuclear disaster Černobyl
ROYIK, Tetyana
The diploma thesis deals with the awareness of population of the Vysočina Region of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The aim of this thesis is to find out the level of knowledge of the population about this accident and then to compare the knowledge of the population aged 18-44 and over 45 years. Two hypotheses were set in the thesis, H1: More than 2/3 of all respondents in the Vysočina Region will have more than 60 % of correct answers in a questionnaire concerning the knowledge of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, and H2: Respondents over 45 will have significantly higher knowledge of the Chernobyl nuclear accident than inhabitants under 45 years of age. In order to achieve the defined objectives and to verify the hypotheses, a questionnaire was prepared, a questionnaire survey was carried out and then the results were evaluated using the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions. The research group consisted of 100 inhabitants aged 18-44 and 100 inhabitants aged over 45. The results of the questionnaire survey show that the overall success-rate of the answered questions was 66 %. Residents aged 18-44 responded correctly in a total of 61 % and residents over 45 in 71 %. The stated aims of the thesis were achieved and both hypotheses were confirmed. The benefit of the thesis is mainly the acquired picture of the state of awareness of the population of the Chernobyl nuclear accident in the Vysočina Region. The obtained results of the diploma thesis can be used, for example, by crisis management authorities related to the issue of nuclear energy or protection against ionizing radiation, both in connection with preparation for these situations and with a focus on preventive educational activities.
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Knowledge of population about nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Vysočina region
ČERNÁ, Tereza
The thesis deals with the knowledge of the population about the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in the Vysočina Region. The goal is to determine the level of knowledge of population about the accident and then compare the knowledge of people aged 18-44 years and older than 45 years. In the thesis were set two hypotheses, H1: the knowledge of the population in the nuclear accident will be close to normal distribution and H2: people under 45 years will have statisticly higher knowledge than older people. To achieve the setted goals and to test the hypotheses, a questionnaire was compiled and a survey was made. The results of the survey were evaluated by methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions. The survey consisted of 100 people aged 18-44 years and 100 people aged over 45 years. The results of the survey show that the overall percentage of correctly answered questions was 63,3 %, which can be considered slightly above average. 66,1 % of people aged 18-44 years answered the questions correctly and residents over the age of 45 years 60,6 % correctly. The set goals were achieved and both hypotheses were confirmed. The benefit of this thesis is to obtain a picture of knowledge of public in the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in the Vysočina Region. The results can also be used for crisis management authorities within the preparation and preventive educational activities focused on the issue of nuclear energy and radiation protection.
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Ethical issues in evacuation around the Fukushima nuclear plant
DOČEKALOVÁ, Blanka
This master thesis deals with ethical issues of evacuation around the Fukushima nuclear plant. Taking into account that the evacuation takes place mostly in tense situations as a result of an extreme incident, it is essential that the process of evacuation is effectively managed, organized and executed. It is also necessary to ensure effective communication between all involved departments and residents. Evacuation must be well managed, not only on the technical side, but also on the ethical and moral side. In the practical part of the thesis some questions were raised, which surveyed: a) What ethical principles have been applied in dealing with evacuation and communication with residents? b) What alternatives in the ethical approach can be used? c) Can an applied ethics be used in crisis management? During evacuation in Fukushima and afterwards during communication with residents, affected by the effects of the accident, the government used a paternalistic way of issuing commands and decided what information the residents need to know. According to the testimonies of residents, the information was insufficient, inaccurate and in some areas in the early hours of the accident there wasn´t any information at all. On the question of alternatives in ethical approach, we can use instead of already mentioned paternalistic way, democratic or more autonomous approach. That, however, brings with it demands on all concerned as are operators of nuclear power plants, people from crisis management and radiation protection, state and finally residents themselves. It is about the involvement of all as equal partners, about openness, truthfulness, honesty, about increasing knowledge and awareness of radiation protection. The usage of applied ethics in crisis management is possible, but requires a changeover in the personal approach of all concerned people. First of the objectives of the study was to compare the paternalistic and democratic approach in providing information to the population and issuing orders to evacuation. I compared paternalistic and democratic way, and I came to the conclusion that it is necessary to find an appropriate level of application of these two methods. The second objective was to describe the criteria applied in Fukushima evacuation with regard to the amount of radiation exposure and differentiation of the population. In terms of the amount received by the exposure of the affected population was the largest part of the population evacuated before the release of radionuclides into the air and very positive it is that nobody died on the effects of radiation during the accident. The last goal of thesis was to find out what is the view of current residents in Czech Republic and those who work in emergency management and are responsible for the progress of evacuation or work in a sphere related to radiation activities, which provide various information and deal with the issue of long-term evacuation during a nuclear accident. Data were collected by prepared questionnaire, which contained nine closed questions. Questions were given to the residents presented at the time of the questionnaire survey on the streets in randomly picked villages and also through e-mail. Responses were graphically expressed as a numerical value and verbal evaluation and respondents' answers are commented in the discussion. The thesis can be used to implement ethical principles not only in crisis management, but also in the beginning of designing and building nuclear power plants in the region. The entire process of the formation and operation of nuclear power plants has not only a technical dimension, but also ethical. Thesis can be also used as study material for teaching on the field of emergency preparedness, which can extend the technical knowledge of the ethical dimension, which, as it turned out in Fukushima is also very important.
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The perception of the Czech population on radiation risks resulting from Fukushima power plant accident
ORTHOVÁ, Nikola
Fukushima accident is surely among one of the biggest nuclear accident in history. This accident was classified as the highest level of international classification scale radiation events, because there was a massive release of radionuclides into the environment, in the air and groundwater that seep into the waters of the sea. The same level, seven had a nuclear the Chernobyl accident. This accident caused the seabed quake and subsequent tsunami that excluded out cooling operation and power three reactors. Although there had been no deaths influence to radiation, and even in anyone not been proven radiation sindroms, so just as after the Chernobyl accident, even after this began to discuss nuclear energy worldwide. In the first part I dealt with developing a list of potential sources of exposure of the population, a summary of significant nuclear and radiation accidents, and I have analyzed in detail the Fukushima disaster and its aftermath. The following chapter summaries are developed each radiobiological effects of ionizing radiation on the human organism and I listed the health problems and illnesses caused by radiation bombardment. The last chapter of this thesis focuses on basic radiation protection systems. Determine the state of knowledge and opinions of people living in the Czech Republic on radiation risks stemming from Fukushima accidenthave I done with the help of a questionnaire survey conducted online, through social networks. All respondents' answers I analyzed and compiled into tables. Obtained results were analyzed and statistically processed with the help of a good test 2 stairs, I also conducted compared and assessed of this analysis in relation to the residence of the respondents. Individual randomly selected regions I tested with the help of two-tailed t-test. Based on these results, I must say that the knowledge of the Czech population reported serious faults. And it is necessary to say that knowledge of the Czech population statistically significant differences. I declare that I have met all the pre-specified objective. But the hypotheses have been disproved.
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