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Burst effects of radiation dispersal weapon
SADÍLKOVÁ, Alexandra
One of the relatively cheap and easily available instruments suitable for a terrorist attack is the dirty bomb. Using conventional charges (TNT, Semtex etc.) it disperses radioactive materials. Its use is based on contamination of the area where the explosion took place and on creating a radioactive cloud, which may travel rather fast depending on the wind, and which pollutes other areas with its fall-out particles. Such areas become dangerous to live or stay in for a longer period due to the danger of irradiation sickness and cancer. The polluted areas must be decontaminated, which is a very difficult task. Another problem that may occur after the explosion of such a bomb is also panic as well as burns and injuries caused by shells. This work deals with possibilities of radiological weapon construction, the results of using a dirty bomb and with the work of integrated emergency services on such an occasion.
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Duties and arrangements of crisis staff of the municipallity with efussed agency close to outflow of radioactive matters
NÁZROVÁ, Lucie
The issue concerning endangering by radioactive substances has not been published frequently. Yet it can represent a very high risk with irreversible consequences for both man and the environ{$\neg$}ment he lives in. Even though there are regular checks of the sources of radioactive emission and the issue is being monitored in fallout plans, one cannot wholly exclude the possibility of endangering inhabitants by radioactive substances. For example the failures of technologies, a man{\crq}s irresponsibility, criminal acts, especially terrorism and also the exploitation of nuclear weapons to military or political goals cannot be omitted. Consequences of extraordinary events and critical situations in case of radioactive substances threat can be catastrophic.
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Monitoring the personnel radiation load in percutaneous interventions
SKÁCELOVÁ, Lada
The discovery of ionising radiation at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was a landmark for medicine: the methods based on the principle and effects of ionising radiation are used even in the present medicine to a considerable extent. As early as in the very beginnings, adverse affects of ionising radiation were observed, and from this early period the first references to the need of radiation protection date. The fields of medicine dealing with the application of ionising radiation, whether in the diagnosis or in the therapy of diseases, went through an extensive development in their over hundred-year history. It was in the technical sphere in particular where the most important progress was accomplished, thanks to the ever more advanced instrumentation put on the market, meeting the strict criteria of radiation protection. On the one hand, a large group of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was replaced by new methods (based on ultrasound and magnetic resonance) that are not based on ionising radiation, and thus the patient or the attending personnel are not exposed to the harmful effects of the radiation. On the other hand, the interventional radiology has attained an unprecedented expansion. With the development of new interventional methods and procedures, the number and duration of interventions has been growing. The radiation load to which the intervening personnel are exposed has thus been rising despite the state-of-the-art instrumentation. The theoretical part of the dissertation describes the origin and types of the ionising radiation, its properties and interactions with the environment; a proportional part has been devoted to the biological effects of the radiation. The prime attention has been concentrated on radiation protection, its objectives, principles and methods of radiation protection. An overview of the current legislation and list of requirements on the radiation monitoring has been elaborated. In the chapter on personal dosimetry, the fundamental relations and quantities used in the radiation dosimetry have been described, as well as the types of personal dosimeters and protective equipment. In the practical part, the radiation load of the personnel attending percutaneous interventions in the department of interventional radiology of the Clinic of Radiology of the Teaching Hospital Olomouc was measured. Personal electronic radiation dosimeters Rados, type RAD 60S, were used. All the data obtained were processed using statistical methods, and, on the basis of the results thus obtained, the effectiveness of protection was determined, and the importance of the observation of the principles of radiation hygiene was evaluated. The presumed use of the results of this work in practice is in the optimisation of procedures and measures leading to the maximum possible reduction of the radiation load in percutaneous interventions, and to the education and guidance of personnel towards consequential compliance with all principles of the radiation hygiene.
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Application of atomic law into a practice of radiology assistant
VOJTKOVÁ, Magdalena
The work of radiologist assistants results from the Act No.13/2002 Coll., Atomic Act, and from executive regulations and must accord with their wording. Practical application of the Act is important especially for radiation protection of patients and medical staff during work with ionizing radiation. The aim of the thesis was to judge from this point of view the radiologist´s activity at my work place in Institution of Imaging Methods in a Teaching Hospital of Saint Anna, Brno. Keeping of legislative rules would confirm their practical applicability and would establish the competency extent of radiologist assistant during performance of his/ her medical job. In methodological process I chose from the text of Atomic Act and from appropriate decrees the parts dealing with radiologist assistant´s activities in a sphere of radiodiagnostics and compared them with their practical keeping. I think, according to results, that radiologist´s work corresponds wording in§7 Radiologist assistant from decree No.424/2004 Coll. Radiologist assistant keeps rules of practical carrying out all treatments stated in §60 Statement on medical irradiation, in§62 Optimalization of radiation protection and in §63 Process of medical irradiation from decree No. 307/202 Coll. Thanks to this thesis I have deepened my knowledge dealing with Atomic Act. My conclusions can serve to radiologist assistants as a basic survey of important rules resulting from Atomic Act that they must keep in accord with these rules.
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Methods of checking the observance of diagnostic reference levels in the field of radiodiagnostics
KROUPOVÁ, Helena
Methods of Checking the Observance of Diagnostic Reference Levels in the Field of Radio diagnostics Although there is a simultaneous development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, perfection of instrumentation and means for personnel and patient protection, there is also an effort to reduce applied doses. In this way, medical irradiation caused by ionizing radiation used in medicine represents a significant contribution to the total dose of ionizing radiation that a person is exposed. Today the medical radiation in the Czech Republic comprises more than ninety per cent of radiation from an artificial source and approximately one ninth from the total population radiation. Evaluation of professional doctor radiation and X-ray devices attendance has been safeguarded within the personal dosimetry for many decades. However, systematic monitoring of doses related to medical radiation of the patient is a relatively new problem in the radiodiagnostics sphere. According to the Council directive 97/43/EUROATOM requirement, the SUJB has stated the so called ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} within enclosure number 9, Regulation No. 307/2002 Coll., about radiation protection. These ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} are dose levels within medical radiation and their exceeding is not expected at the 70 kg adult patient medical examination in the case of correct practice. The systematic exceeding of diagnostic reference levels under clinical practice conditions is the reason for reconsideration of radiation protection optimalization at a given workplace. In accordance with the proposal of the National Radiology Standards for Radiology Physics, the author team recommends the monitoring extension of the patient radiating load related to a particular medical radiation by specifying the local diagnostic reference levels, typical for a given type of workplace at a particular keeper, and their continuous verification within the clinical examination of the standard group of patients. Generally, the doses can be determined in two ways: by exposure parameter calculation or by product measure of area kerma, which is generally implemented by special devices, so called DAP meters. The aim of the work is the description of both methods, their comparison and the evaluation of the method effectiveness at various types of sciagrammatic workplaces.
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Geuger - Müller counter in the nuclear measurements
MITTASCH, Marek
The aim of this bachelor{\crq}s work was to explain functioning of Geiger {--} Müller{\crq}s counter as a detector of ionization irradiation. To describe it{\crq}s basic parameters and characteristics. To project, implement and evaluate much exercise using Geiger {--} Müller{\crq}s counter, made by Phywe company, in a physical practicum at our department.
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Physical and biological dosimetry in uranium miners
BARAN, Petr
I am concerned with problems irradiation workers in uranious pits, when on them affects gamma radiation, irradiation from inhalation products conversion radon and irradiation from inhalation mixtures long - term radionuclide uranium {--} radium series emitting alpha radiation. To metering these stress organism uranious miners employs partly physical method which measures individual components {--} metering concentration potencial energy voluminous activities daughterly product radon, metering voluminous activities mixtures long - term alpha emitter, metering surface contamination radionuclides and metering personal filming dosimetric external gamma radiation. It is method physical dosimetry against whereby from 60 years twentieth century get on piece of knowledge bio - dosimetry. The exploitation piece of knowledge, that the chromosome aberration in llymphocytes peripheral blood they may serve as sensitive detector radiating exposition. Comparison peripheral lymphocytes from blood tracked man with spectrum sentinel node irradiated different dues radiation we can after standard curve determine of what dues got examinate worker. By the help of chromosome aberration we can detect lowest dues near individuals 0,1 {--} 0,2 Gy and near insider 0,05 Gy which is in the event of worker in uranious pits biggish tax. Problems physical dosimetry , that the deal out and small tax and after totaled and evaluation of all components incidence keep - alive radiation we get overall picture about receipt organ dose. In both method happen to definite distortion accuracy.
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Monitoring of the occupational radiation exposure at Temelín nuclear power plant
CUPALOVÁ, Klára
This work deals with occupational professional exposures at Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. The introductory part is devoted to types of ionising radiation participating on radiation load of workers, values and units and to the essential legislation requests associated with individual monitoring. In the following part characteristics of methods used to measure individual doses of external exposures like film dosimetry, thermoluminescent do-simetry, radio-photoluminescent dosimetry and electronic dosimetry are described. For assessment of the committed effective dose from the internal exposures in vivo moni-toring or indirect measuring were used. The possibilities of the occupational dose optimisation were discussed Results of individual monitoring in 2005 and 2006 and layout of monitoring program are presented in this work. The new monitoring program is based on the active personal dosimeters (EPDs) rather than on the passive ones and covers the period of transformation between them. With respect to the passive dosimeters, EPDs offer some advantages which on one hand contribute to a better exposure control and on the other hand foster the development of a sound culture in radiation protection due to direct feedback of dose information.
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The threat of a terrorist radiation attack
RAŠÍNOVÁ, Libuše
The goals of this thesis are as follows: Firstly, I seek to assess the risk of a terrorist radiation attack. I also characterize the effects that the ionizing radiation has on the human being and outline a scenario of a possible radiation attack. Secondly, I evaluate what awareness of the civil defence exists among the students in the final year of the compulsory school attendance. Thirdly, I propose some measures to improve the situation.
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