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Zhodnocení efektivity stromových mikroinjektáží jako metody tvorby navnaděných stojících otrávených lapáků na lýkožrouta smrkového (Ips typographus Linnaeus, 1758) na lesních pozemcích Města Poličky
Háp, Matěj
Many technologies are currently used in practice for pest management and control. One technology that is becoming more widely used is the microinjection method. This method is the focus of this thesis, which specializes in the use of microinjection as a defensive method against the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus (Karst.) L.). The investigation took place in 2022, when 25 trees were injected at 5 sites before the start of spring swarming. In addition, 5 control trees were selected at each site and I. typographus was baited with a synthetic pheromone. The effectiveness of this method was then evaluated by comparing the lengths of the mother galleries and larval galleries on the debarked bark strips and by means of a photo-eclector experiment. The data were then statistically evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, which showed that bark beetles on trees treated with injection had significantly shorter mother and larval galleries. The photo-eclector survey showed that the number of I. typographus from logs that came from injection-treated trees accounted for only 10.88% of the total number of imagoes captured. This value demonstrates that microinjection is not only an effective method against leaf miners and skeletonizing insects on deciduous trees, but its application can also be in the management of bark beetles on spruce.
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Akutní a chronické působení neonikotinoidových látek na vodní organismy
STROUHOVÁ, Alžběta
Neonicotinoids, synthetic substances derived from the natural alkaloid nicotine, are one of the newest class of pesticides. Neonicotinoids are selective for invertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are widely used to treat crops around the word. The aim of this study was to evaluate acute and chronic toxicity of neonicotinoid substance acetamiprid and neonicotinoid product Mospilan 20 SP, which contains 20 % of acetamiprid, to aquatic organisms. Chronic effects to the biochemical profile of haemolymph, oxidative stress biomarker and antioxidant biomarkers have been evaluated too. Marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) was used as a model organism to provide the toxicity. The acute toxicity (96hLC50) of the pure neonicotinoid substance acetamiprid to marbled crayfish is 0.8 mg.l-1, of Mospilan it is 2.71 mg.l-1. The theoretical acute toxicity of Mospilan is 4.0 mg.l-1. It was calculated based on the acute toxicity of pure acetamiprid as the active substance of Mospilan. Additives in the preparation probably contributes its toxicity more than the active substance itself. Acetamiprid and Mospilan impact on changes in the levels of biomarkers of the biochemical profile of haemolymph, biomarker of oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers. Changes in the levels of biomarkers are already manifested at concentrations corresponding to 0,1 % and 1 % of 96hLC50. These changes include increases in GLU, AST, ALT and LDH levels, decreases in CAT and GST activity and changes in LPO level.
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Histologické vyšetření raků - zpracování a vyhodnocení vzorků
KUČERA, Václav
The given bachelor thesis focuses on the processing and the examination of the histological samples of crayfish exposed to thiacloprid pesticide. The first part describes methods leading towards processing of the samples. The second part pointed out anatomical, histological and physiological structure of selected tissues - gills and hepatopancreas. The third part classifies histopathological changes induced by selected organic xenobiotics especially hebicides and insecticides. The experimental part discusses histopathological changes of the insecticide thiacloprid.
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Evaluation of newly prepared insecticides in vitro
Tomáš, Ondrej ; Vopršalová, Marie (advisor) ; Herink, Josef (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Ondrej Tomáš Supervisor: PharmDr. Marie Vopršalová, CSc. Consultant supervisor: mjr. PharmDr. Vendula Hepnarová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Evaluation of newly prepared insecticides in vitro Malaria is a widespread infection and one of the most dangerous diseases transmitted by insects. It threatens lives of millions of people all around the world, thus its regulation is necessary. Most common malaria vectors are mosquitoes of genus Anopheles. Novel structures of insecticides with selective inhibition of mosquito acetylcholinesterase are subjects of research, with an intention to deal with this problem. The aim of this work was to test six newly prepared succinimide derivatives with insecticidal potential. The ability of these compounds to inhibit Anopheles gambiae mosquito (AgAChE) and human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) was evaluated. Leading structures of these compounds were also tested to find relations between chemical structure and biological activity. The modified Ellman's method was used to obtain the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for both enzymes. Tested substances were able to inhibit only hAChE and none of them displayed activity against AgAChE. Compound...
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Evaluation of newly prepared insecticides in vitro
Tomáš, Ondrej ; Vopršalová, Marie (advisor) ; Herink, Josef (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Ondrej Tomáš Supervisor: PharmDr. Marie Vopršalová, CSc. Consultant supervisor: mjr. PharmDr. Vendula Hepnarová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Evaluation of newly prepared insecticides in vitro Malaria is a widespread infection and one of the most dangerous diseases transmitted by insects. It threatens lives of millions of people all around the world, thus its regulation is necessary. Most common malaria vectors are mosquitoes of genus Anopheles. Novel structures of insecticides with selective inhibition of mosquito acetylcholinesterase are subjects of research, with an intention to deal with this problem. The aim of this work was to test six newly prepared succinimide derivatives with insecticidal potential. The ability of these compounds to inhibit Anopheles gambiae mosquito (AgAChE) and human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) was evaluated. Leading structures of these compounds were also tested to find relations between chemical structure and biological activity. The modified Ellman's method was used to obtain the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for both enzymes. Tested substances were able to inhibit only hAChE and none of them displayed activity against AgAChE. Compound...
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Evaluation of newly prepared insecticides in vitro
Tomáš, Ondrej ; Vopršalová, Marie (advisor) ; Herink, Josef (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Ondrej Tomáš Supervisor: PharmDr. Marie Vopršalová, CSc. Consultant supervisor: mjr. PharmDr. Vendula Hepnarová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Evaluation of newly prepared insecticides in vitro Malaria is a widespread infection and one of the most dangerous diseases transmitted by insects. It threatens lives of millions of people all around the world, thus its regulation is necessary. Most common malaria vectors are mosquitoes of genus Anopheles. Novel structures of insecticides with selective inhibition of mosquito acetylcholinesterase are subjects of research, with an intention to deal with this problem. The aim of this work was to test six newly prepared succinimide derivatives with insecticidal potential. The ability of these compounds to inhibit Anopheles gambiae mosquito (AgAChE) and human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) was evaluated. Leading structures of these compounds were also tested to find relations between chemical structure and biological activity. The modified Ellman's method was used to obtain the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for both enzymes. Tested substances were able to inhibit only hAChE and none of them displayed activity against AgAChE. Compound...
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Problematika otrav volně žijících ptáků karbofuranem
Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita, Fakulta veterinární hygieny a ekologie, Ústav biologie a chorob volně žijících zvířat, Brno ; Mrlík, Vojtěch
Karbofuran: složení, použití, přípravky používané v České republice a způsoby aplikace. Toxicita: účinky, důsledky, hodnoty toxicity, ovlivnění toxického účinku látky, toxicita u savců, u ptáků, ovlivnění toxického účinku látky, metabolismus - odbourání, klinické příznaky otravy. Výsledky rozborů: Materiál a metodika, ohledání mrtvých těl, rentgenologické vyšetření, pitevní vyšetření, chemické vyšetření. Zhodnocení výsledků vlastních analýz: objektivní stanovisko, účinek mírné dávky karbofuranu, letální následky po pozření intoxikované návnady, indicie svědčící pro otravu karbofuranem. Závažnost karbofuranu jako prostředku používaného k trávení volně žijících živočichů: kvantitativní a kvalitativní charakteristika otrav, záměrné trávení volně žijících zvířat, spektrum trávených živočichů, otrava vzácných a ohrožených druhů zvířat.
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A role of adipokinetic hormones in insect lipid metabolism
BÁRTŮ, Iva
This PhD. thesis summarizes the effect of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) on a spectrum of mobilized lipids in model insect species the locust Locusta migratoria and the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus. The results revealed that mobilization of diacylglycerols and fatty acids from the fat body into the haemolymph is not uniform and suggested there is partial specificity of individual AKHs. This could contribute to the answer of the question why some insect species have more than one AKH. The results of the thesis are supplemented by studies of AKH effect on lipid metabolism in stress conditions elicited by insecticide treatments. Co-application of AKH and insecticide enhanced the effect of insecticide
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