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Using automatic snow depth and snow water equivalent data to minimize the error in winter precipitation measurements
Peňáz, Štěpán ; Jeníček, Michal (advisor) ; Jirák, Jan (referee)
The measurement of winter precipitation represents one of the largest uncertainties in the calculation of the hydrological balance. Manual measurement of winter precipitation is time- consuming, costly in terms of personnel and money, and is for this reason not often carried out. The measurement of winter precipitation using a heated rain gauge is in turn affected by wind and partly by the increased evaporation caused by heating. Therefore, automatic snow depth measurement is increasingly used and is becoming more affordable over time. This paper deals with the analysis of automatically measured data from a heated rain gauge, from ultrasonic or laser sensors for snow depth measurements, and from sensors for snow water equivalent measurements in order to find the dependence of new snow density on air temperature and on air humidity. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression equation was derived to calculate the density of new snow, which, together with the new snow accretion, was used to calculate snowfall totals. In addition, alternative winter precipitation was calculated and measured by sensors to calculate the snow water value as well as reference winter precipitation measured by a rain gauge from a manned station. The accuracy of these three precipitation alternatives was assessed using the...
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