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Genetic diversity in pig
BÁRTA, Jan
The object of this thesis is to describe genetic diversity of pigs, evaluation of genetic diversity and description of current state of genetic resources preservation. Firstly is described importance of pig-breeding, domestication of pigs and breeds of pig mostly kept in the Czech Republic. Further is described biodiversity and dividing of biodiversity, genetic diversity and research methods of genetic diversity. Last chapter is about genetic resources.
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Molekulárně-genetická analýza starokladrubských koní
Velebová, Adéla
The genetic variability and diversity of the Old Kladruber horse breed is evaluated in this master thesis. The aim is to evaluate the variability and diversity in the breed, between the sire lines and inside these lines. The detailed information about the Old Kladruber horse breed is presented in the literary overview with the breed history including the regeneration process. Basic indexes of the genetic variability are presented in the next part. 17 microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the genetic variability and diversity with further statistical analyses performed in GENEPOP 4.2 and ARLEQUIN 3.5 programs. The allele and genotype frequencies were calculated together with the number of alleles per loci and Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium was tested for the population. Polymorphic information content, observed and expected heterozygosity and fixation coefficients were calculated. The results show surprisingly high degree of genetic variability in the Old Kladruber horse, increased probably due to introduction of other breeds during the regeneration process.
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Studium genetické struktury a diverzity různých populací dravců (Falconiformes)
Bryndová, Marta
The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the genetic variability in different populations of birds of prey in the Czech Republic. As an alternative source, the feathers were used for the extraction of DNA. The reference species were chosen the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), which was also compared with the subpopulation living in Slovakia. Ten microsatellite markers from the literature were tested. Polymorphism of markers varied significantly, locus NVH fp5 was the least polymorphic (PIC = 0.185 F. p; PIC = 0.119 F. ch.). Null alleles were observed in this locus in the Peregrine Falcon population, that is why it should be discarded from the microsatellite panel. The genetic diversity was low among subpopulations of the Peregrine Falcon. FST for the population living in the captivity and living in the wild was 0.025. In the case of the Saker Falcon subpopulation living in Slovakia showed moderate genetic diversity values (0.185 for the subpopulation living in the captivity and 0.126 for the subpopulation living in the wild in the Czech Republic). All subpopulations (except museum specimens of the Saker Falcon) were in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium. Gene flow was higher among subpopulations of the Peregrine Falcon than the Saker Falcon, where the other population from the different geographical area was also included. 454 sequencing revealed 3 complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Peregrine Falcons, 2 of Saker Falcons and 2 of Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus). The longest sizes were 16,154 bp for the Saker Falcon, 17,239 bp for Gyrfalcon and 17,527 bp for the Peregrine Falcon. Sequence of the Peregrine Falcon was inserted into the Genbank database under accession number JX029991. Whole genome mitochondrial DNA sequences of Saker Falcons and Gyrfalcons have never been published, that is why it will be the part of the new manuscript.
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Molecular methods as a way of determining genetical diversity of species exemplified on narrow-clawed crayfish in the Czech Republic
KORYŤÁK, Lukáš
The narrow-clawed crayfish was introduced to our country at the beginning of the 19th century. The population originally came from Galicia in Poland. The aim of this work was the sampling of chosen populations and the assessing genetic diversity at these locations in the Czech republic. The occurrence of crayfish was confirmed at 6 out of 13 chosen locations. Thirty specimens were analysed from 6 populations and the diversity of mitochondrial genes COI and 12S rRNA was evaluated. The haplotype diversity was highest for both genes in the Řečice population, (12S: Hd=1.000; COI: Hd=0.667), Stanislav (Ukrajina) (12S: Hd=0,866; COI: 0,733) and Kozárovice populations (12S: Hd=0,607; COI: Hd=0,500). On the other hand, the existence of only one haplotype was recorded for both respective genes in the Kosov, Mačkov and Stodůlky populations. The divergence of sequences for 12S rRNA and COI was 1 and 2%, respectively. The topology of phylogenetic tree was identical for both genes with the existence of two well defined phylogenetic lineages. One of the lineages was made up only out of the specimens (haplotypes) from the Stanislav (Ukraine) population. The other one contained the rest of the analysed populations of the narrow-clawed crayfish. The Stanislav (Ukraine) population comes originally from Ukraine, therefore it can be said that the populations from Eastern Europe are different from those at our country, or the populations from Poland, which is where the crayfish on the Czech Republic originated from. In order to confirm this trend, it would be necessary to analyze a larger number of specimens and more population from every area where this crayfish species occurs.
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Fylogeography and genetics variability of \kur{Diuraphis noxia} (\kur{Aphididae})
PAŠÍKOVSKÝ, Jiří
The aim of this work was a research of the genetic variability of natural populations of Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) by means of microsatellite markers and markers for EPIC-PCR. First goal was to introduce the methods and optimise them for Diuraphis noxia. In the follow-up pilot study, specimens from 47 lines representing 12 populations from all over the world were analysed. Having used microsatellite markers, I proved expected variability among individual populations and within them. The highest genetic variability was detected between Chile and Algeria using markers for cytochrome C in EPIC-PCR. These findings can be used for further studies of the genetic variability of the aphid Diuraphis noxia.
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