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Evolutionary history of Parnassiinae
Kaman, Ondřej ; Čepička, Ivan (advisor) ; Král, David (referee)
This review is devoted to the evolutionary history of the Parnassiinae subfamily of the family Papilionidae and particularly to the nominate genus Parnassius which is the main group among the eight extant Parnassiinae genera. At first, the taxonomic concept, monophyly, and phylogenetic position of Parnassiinae are thoroughly discussed. It is shown that all its genera form three clades that are currently classified as tribes. Further, the estimated time of the divergence of Parnassiinae is given together with the description of all fossil taxa. The subsequent part is entirely focused on Parnassius whose internal phylogeny largely corroborates the traditional classification on eight subgenera, although the phylogenetic relationships among these clades remain mostly unresolved. All the clades are systematically discussed and interesting phylogenetic cases of species complexes and closely related taxa are analysed and supplemented by taxonomic remarks. The last three chapters are dedicated to the phylogeography of P. mnemosyne, P. apollo, and P. phoebus complex. Their evolutionary history is discussed in relation to glacial events in Pleistocene and warming of the climate in Holocene. The whole treatment attempts to integrate morphological, molecular, and biogeographical views together in order to provide a...
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Endemic plants of the Sudeten Mts., with emphasis on the taxonomically controversial Primula elatior subsp. corcontica
Konečná, Veronika ; Suda, Jan (advisor) ; Knotek, Adam (referee)
The endemic species of the Czech Republic still present a hot topic. Effective research of this topic means understanding of factors which create and influence endemism. With the exception of the Alps and the Carpathians, endemics are relatively very rare in Central Europe. In the Czech Republic they are concentrated mainly in subalpine (alpine) areas in the High Sudetes. Majority of the Czech endemics is of relatively recent origin. They have not well differentiated yet and so it is difficult to taxonomically evaluate them. Endemics of the High Sudetes have probably originated in Holocene with the exception of apomicts, e.g. species of genus Hieracium, which have likely originated even earlier. The origin of most of the Sudetes endemics was possible due to geographic isolation of small populations called peripatric speciation. Peripatric speciation is probably responsible for the origin of taxonomically uncertain endemic species Primula elatior subsp. corcontica, which is a subspecies of highly variable P. elatior. In the Czech Republic occur three subspecies of P. elatior - subsp. corcontica, subsp. elatior and subsp. tatrensis. These subspecies are differentiated in the morphology of leaves and in their distribution. The description of P. elatior subsp. corcontica was based on morphological...
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