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Active Frequency Filter Design Methods Based on Passive RLC Prototype
Pisár, Peter ; Vrba, Kamil (referee) ; Kubánek, David (advisor)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to design active frequency filters based on passive RLC prototype. Three methods of the design of active filters and active functional blocks of electronic circuits working in current or mixed mode are used to this purpose. These blocks allow to process electrical signals with frequencies up to low tens of megahertz. In addition they feature for instance with high slew rate and low supply voltage power. Active high-pass and low-pass 2nd order filters are designed using simulation of inductor by active subcircuit method. Grounded and subsequently floating synthetic inductor is made with the current conveyors in the first case and with the current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output in the second case. This method advantage is relatively simple design and disadvantage is great quantity of active functional blocks. Active filters based on passive frequency ladder 3rd order filter while only one floating inductor is connected, are designed with circuit equation method. In the first design differential input / output current followers are used and in the second case current-differencing buffered amplifiers are used. This method benefits by smaller active blocks number and disadvantage is more complex design of the active filter. Active filter based on passive prototype of low-pass 3rd order filter with two floating inductors is designed with Bruton transformation method. Final active filter uses current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output which together with other passive elements replace frequency depending negative resistor, which arise after previous Bruton transform. This method usage is advantageous if the design consists of larger quantity of inductors and less number of capacitors. High-pass 2nd order filter is simulated by tolerance and parametrical analyses. Physical realisation utilising current feedback operational amplifier which substitute commercially hardly accessible current conveyors is subsequently made. Measurements of constructed active filter show that additional modifications, which allow better amplitude frequency characteristics conformity, are necessary.
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Synthetic Circuit Elements with Higher-Order Immittance with Controlled Current Sources
Popelka, Petr ; Vrba, Kamil (referee) ; Kubánek, David (advisor)
This thesis deals with design and use synthetic circuit elements with higher-order immittance with controlled current sources to implement the frequency filters. Controlled current sources which are derived from the voltage variations are presented. They are current follower, current invertor and current operational amplifier. Low-pass and high-pass filter which are used synthetic elements are simulated on computer. The influence of real properities of active elements and passive elements tolerances on filter functionality is investigated. Selected circuit of frequency filter is realized and measured the frequency characteristic.
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Solution proposal and analysis of properties of current operational amplifier in bipolar and unipolar technologies
Pawlas, Radovan ; Lattenberg, Ivo (referee) ; Vrba, Kamil (advisor)
This master thesis is about current operational amplifiers and mainly about their internal structures and possible modifications of these structures. The Current operational amplifier consists of several elementary blocks and these blocks are shortly described and used in internal structures of proposed operational amplifiers. Basic elementary blocks of the current operational amplifier are current mirror, diferentional amplifier, current source, transimpedation amplifier and additional elements of a circuit. In this thesis, several elementary structures of the operational amplifiers are introduced. Each amplifier passed through the analysis of the circuit in software MicroCap 9.0. In this software is done the simple DC analysis of the internal structure of the current operational amplifier in connection with a feedback. The solution was focused on bipolar and unipolar technology for each connection. I deal with a method of feedback connection to the operational amplifier and explore real characteristic of the appropriate amplifier in the designed feedback. In principle this design has important influence to the resulting properties of the circuit. Within the analysis of the circuits have been found, how each current operational amplifier works in a defined current range. Every type of surveyed amplifier is closely described, the internal structure is depicted and graph of current transmission of amplifier is shown. At the end of this thesis the amplifiers are compared and there are introduced their advantages and disadvantages.
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Non-linear Circuits with Controlled Current Sources
Dolák, Jan ; Hanák, Pavel (referee) ; Kubánek, David (advisor)
This thesis treats of problems of nonlinear circuits. In introduction the basic possibilities of solving nonlinear circuits are described. Then the basic information on modern current active elements is mentioned, for example current follower, current operational amplifier and current conveyor. In the next part of this thesis the problem of real characteristics of semiconductor diodes is described, major attention is focused on reverse recovery time. Three various types of circuits with nonlinear elements are described in this masters thesis. The first type of circuits are diode precision rectifiers, the full-wave rectifiers containing voltage operational amplifier are most explored, current follower and other active components are described in previous chapters. Simulations in PSpice were executed for each of these circuits. Then the attention was devoted to increase of maximum working frequence. The minimum necessary amplitude of input signal was also analyzed. In the following part two designs of diode function converters are processed, function converter with voltage operational amplifier and function converter with current follower. For each of the diode function converters designed, simulations were executed to find their real properties. The variety of diode voltage limiters and diode current limiters are the third type of nonlinear circuits described, from which the upper limiter and double limiter are investigated in more detail. Simulations were executed for all limiters and their functionality and problems connected with their usage for limitation of high frequency signals were analyzed. In the last part of the thesis there is described the practical realization of precise rectifier, which showed the best ability to process high frequency signals of all investigated circuits. This circuit was realized so that it is able to operate in current and mixed mode. Measured values of real circuits were compared with values gained from the simulations.
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Non-linear Circuits with Controlled Current Sources
Dolák, Jan ; Hanák, Pavel (referee) ; Kubánek, David (advisor)
This thesis treats of problems of nonlinear circuits. In introduction the basic possibilities of solving nonlinear circuits are described. Then the basic information on modern current active elements is mentioned, for example current follower, current operational amplifier and current conveyor. In the next part of this thesis the problem of real characteristics of semiconductor diodes is described, major attention is focused on reverse recovery time. Three various types of circuits with nonlinear elements are described in this masters thesis. The first type of circuits are diode precision rectifiers, the full-wave rectifiers containing voltage operational amplifier are most explored, current follower and other active components are described in previous chapters. Simulations in PSpice were executed for each of these circuits. Then the attention was devoted to increase of maximum working frequence. The minimum necessary amplitude of input signal was also analyzed. In the following part two designs of diode function converters are processed, function converter with voltage operational amplifier and function converter with current follower. For each of the diode function converters designed, simulations were executed to find their real properties. The variety of diode voltage limiters and diode current limiters are the third type of nonlinear circuits described, from which the upper limiter and double limiter are investigated in more detail. Simulations were executed for all limiters and their functionality and problems connected with their usage for limitation of high frequency signals were analyzed. In the last part of the thesis there is described the practical realization of precise rectifier, which showed the best ability to process high frequency signals of all investigated circuits. This circuit was realized so that it is able to operate in current and mixed mode. Measured values of real circuits were compared with values gained from the simulations.
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Synthetic Circuit Elements with Higher-Order Immittance with Controlled Current Sources
Popelka, Petr ; Vrba, Kamil (referee) ; Kubánek, David (advisor)
This thesis deals with design and use synthetic circuit elements with higher-order immittance with controlled current sources to implement the frequency filters. Controlled current sources which are derived from the voltage variations are presented. They are current follower, current invertor and current operational amplifier. Low-pass and high-pass filter which are used synthetic elements are simulated on computer. The influence of real properities of active elements and passive elements tolerances on filter functionality is investigated. Selected circuit of frequency filter is realized and measured the frequency characteristic.
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Active Frequency Filter Design Methods Based on Passive RLC Prototype
Pisár, Peter ; Vrba, Kamil (referee) ; Kubánek, David (advisor)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to design active frequency filters based on passive RLC prototype. Three methods of the design of active filters and active functional blocks of electronic circuits working in current or mixed mode are used to this purpose. These blocks allow to process electrical signals with frequencies up to low tens of megahertz. In addition they feature for instance with high slew rate and low supply voltage power. Active high-pass and low-pass 2nd order filters are designed using simulation of inductor by active subcircuit method. Grounded and subsequently floating synthetic inductor is made with the current conveyors in the first case and with the current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output in the second case. This method advantage is relatively simple design and disadvantage is great quantity of active functional blocks. Active filters based on passive frequency ladder 3rd order filter while only one floating inductor is connected, are designed with circuit equation method. In the first design differential input / output current followers are used and in the second case current-differencing buffered amplifiers are used. This method benefits by smaller active blocks number and disadvantage is more complex design of the active filter. Active filter based on passive prototype of low-pass 3rd order filter with two floating inductors is designed with Bruton transformation method. Final active filter uses current operational amplifiers with single input and differential output which together with other passive elements replace frequency depending negative resistor, which arise after previous Bruton transform. This method usage is advantageous if the design consists of larger quantity of inductors and less number of capacitors. High-pass 2nd order filter is simulated by tolerance and parametrical analyses. Physical realisation utilising current feedback operational amplifier which substitute commercially hardly accessible current conveyors is subsequently made. Measurements of constructed active filter show that additional modifications, which allow better amplitude frequency characteristics conformity, are necessary.
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Solution proposal and analysis of properties of current operational amplifier in bipolar and unipolar technologies
Pawlas, Radovan ; Lattenberg, Ivo (referee) ; Vrba, Kamil (advisor)
This master thesis is about current operational amplifiers and mainly about their internal structures and possible modifications of these structures. The Current operational amplifier consists of several elementary blocks and these blocks are shortly described and used in internal structures of proposed operational amplifiers. Basic elementary blocks of the current operational amplifier are current mirror, diferentional amplifier, current source, transimpedation amplifier and additional elements of a circuit. In this thesis, several elementary structures of the operational amplifiers are introduced. Each amplifier passed through the analysis of the circuit in software MicroCap 9.0. In this software is done the simple DC analysis of the internal structure of the current operational amplifier in connection with a feedback. The solution was focused on bipolar and unipolar technology for each connection. I deal with a method of feedback connection to the operational amplifier and explore real characteristic of the appropriate amplifier in the designed feedback. In principle this design has important influence to the resulting properties of the circuit. Within the analysis of the circuits have been found, how each current operational amplifier works in a defined current range. Every type of surveyed amplifier is closely described, the internal structure is depicted and graph of current transmission of amplifier is shown. At the end of this thesis the amplifiers are compared and there are introduced their advantages and disadvantages.
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