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Phytoextraction of benzodiazepines
Rychlovská, Kristýna ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
The aim of this study was to carry out experiments with maize (Zea mays) for the purpose of finding out the efficiency of phytoextraction of chosen pharmaceuticals from the nutrient solution. The plants were cultivated for three weeks in a sterile environment. Then was added a nutrient solution enriched with chosen benzodiazepines - diazepam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam and bromazepam - in concentration 5-10 mg/L. The samples from each plant were taken every day (24 hours) and then were analyzed with HPLC/UV. The efficiency of phytoextraction was evaluated in two ways. The first one as an percentage of a decrease of the concentration of the pharmaceuticals in the solution with time, the second one as an amount of phytoextracted pharmaceutical in milligrames per gram of the plant matter. From the standpoint of the decrease of the concentration was as the most efficient measured the phytoextraction of nitrazepam (74,7 %), less efficient diazepam and bromazepam (55,2 %, respectively 53,9 %) and the least efficient flunitrazepam (38,0 %). When converted to the mass of the plant matter the most efficient was found the phytoextraction of bromazepam (0,08 mg of drug to 1 gram of plant matter), lower efficiency by bromazepam and diazepam (both 0,02 mg) and the lowest again by flunitrazepam (0,01 mg). key...
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Phytoextraction of benzodiazepines
Rychlovská, Kristýna ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
The aim of this study was to carry out experiments with maize (Zea mays) for the purpose of finding out the efficiency of phytoextraction of chosen pharmaceuticals from the nutrient solution. The plants were cultivated for three weeks in a sterile environment. Then was added a nutrient solution enriched with chosen benzodiazepines - diazepam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam and bromazepam - in concentration 5-10 mg/L. The samples from each plant were taken every day (24 hours) and then were analyzed with HPLC/UV. The efficiency of phytoextraction was evaluated in two ways. The first one as an percentage of a decrease of the concentration of the pharmaceuticals in the solution with time, the second one as an amount of phytoextracted pharmaceutical in milligrames per gram of the plant matter. From the standpoint of the decrease of the concentration was as the most efficient measured the phytoextraction of nitrazepam (74,7 %), less efficient diazepam and bromazepam (55,2 %, respectively 53,9 %) and the least efficient flunitrazepam (38,0 %). When converted to the mass of the plant matter the most efficient was found the phytoextraction of bromazepam (0,08 mg of drug to 1 gram of plant matter), lower efficiency by bromazepam and diazepam (both 0,02 mg) and the lowest again by flunitrazepam (0,01 mg). key...
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Phytoextraction of Bromazepam
Konečná, Markéta ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Petrová, Šárka (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to determine the possibility of phytoextraction of benzodiazepine bromazepam as a widely used drug with anxiolytic effects. Benzodiazepines are compounds with high biological activity and together with their metabolites are excreted into urine. These substances then get into municipal wastewater treatment plant, whereas efficiency of removal in wastewater treatment plants is not high and compounds enter into surface water. Afterwards, the entire ecosystem including food chains is contaminated. A long-term exposure to trace concentrations can have a great effect on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Maize (Zea mays) was used to study the phytoextraction. The Murashige and Skoog medium was enriched by 10 mg · L-1 bromazepam and samples of medium were taken at 24 hour intervals. After that, samples were analysed in reverse phase at 233 nm by HPLC/UV. Time dependence of bromazepam concentrations in medium was evaluated, which showed decrease of ca. 40 % during 168 hours of cultivation. Ability of corn cultivar to extract bromazepam from aqueous solutions was clearly demonstrated. The amount of extracted bromazepam corresponds to 0.03 milligrams per 1 gram of plant fresh weight. Although the tested concentrations of the xenobiotic used are substantially higher than the actual...
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