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The Human Embryo in the Perspective of Reproductive Medicine
Halabicová, Věra ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Matějek, Jaromír (referee) ; Opatrný, Dominik (referee)
Title: The Human Embryo in the Perspective of Reproductive Medicine. Since when one begins to be a human person? In this work, we take into account the issues, which in most cases lead many people to resort to the reproductive medicine, which generally is referred to as the infertility problems. But in some techniques, the reproductive medicine loses up to 80% of human embryos. In the minds of many people, the human embryo is seen only as a cluster of cells. However, is it really just a cluster of cells, or is it already a person at an early stage of development? As far as one is already man, is he now also the human being, of whom are in our Western culture related rights, especially the right to life? Could we then say with a clear conscience that with these techniques we are acting ethically? We dividend our work into six chapters. In the first and second chapter, we will be briefly acquainted with the issues of infertility, of the reproductive medicine techniques, with the development of the human embryo and with handling of the embryos in the course of these techniques. In the third charter, we will present the two major ethical models in our cultural area that have a different point of view on the status of the human embryo. In the fourth chapter, we will look at how to the question of the...
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Ethical dilemma and economic aspects of overtreating terminally ill patients in current society
Studnička, Martin ; Pavlíková, Eva (advisor) ; Ovečka, Libor (referee)
Ethical dilema and economic aspects of overtreating terminally ill patients in current society Abstract The aim of this thesis is to outline problems of over-treating terminally ill patients in the final stage of their illness in current society in context of ethics, bioethics and economic factors. Based on medical, ethical and economic texts, we will try to analyse if current ethical principles, law standards and economic level of development of current society ensures enough such a medical care to each and every individual in line with human dignity. Do the health workers who treat terminally ill patients realize their power as well as powerlessness when it comes to fighting life and death? What makes them to start and continue such therapy that does not bring any benefit to the patient and what is the purpose to this? Is it possible to die with dignity? Can death be more meaningful in comparison to life? The first part of this thesis will focus on the theoretical point of view of these problems. The second part of this thesis will try to analyse the problems with the help of sociological research among the general population, but as well as among health workers who stand in front of ethical and economical challenges in each and every day. Such challenges can lead to overtreatment. Is there awareness...
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Bioethics V - Surrogacy - specifics of individual areas
Machová, Drahoslava ; Kudláčková, Zděnka (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Department of biological and medical sciences Drahoslava Machová Supervisor: PhDr. Zdeňka Kudláčková, Ph.D. Title of diploma tehesis: Bioethics V - Surrogate motherhood - the specifics of individual areas Background: Creating a basic overview of bioethics and its principles. Handle the issue of surrogate motherhood Institute. Main findings: In this thesis we dealt with issues of bioethics, bioethical principles and in particular the issue of surrogacy. Above all, we focused on fundamentals of bioethics, its principles and interconnection with the law. Furthermore, we describe surrogacy institute, its history and progress. Another part is devoted to the current legislation, Surrogacy in the Czech Republic and comparison with the legislation in selected countries around the world. The thesis also includes recommendations of medical ethics in the process of surrogacy. In conclusion, we have focused on the risks that may occur. Conclusions: Use of surrogate motherhood is one of the few ways infertile couple may obtain offspring. Undoubtedly it is a problem that needs to be continued to explore and modify. It is also necessary to pay great attention to the ethical, legal and psychological aspects that are associated with this institute....
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Human Rights and Biometrical Technologies
Ludvík, Dominik ; Milfait, René (advisor) ; Kříž, Bořivoj (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with human rights and biometrical technologies. It treats increasing use of biometrical technologies which influence more and more often the lives of considerable number of people and it points out the advantages and disadvantages of this method. Biometrical technologies are here regarded from the human rights standards' point of view. It shows the attitude and limits of human rights concerning these issues. It deals with individual biometrical technologies including particular way of their utilization. It points out misuse of biometrical technologies in the past by means of numerous examples and uses them to outline future usage of these technologies.
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Autonomy of Man and the Narrative Understanding of Bioethics
Šípová, Karolína ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Lorman, Jaroslav (referee)
My work is a critical view of a modern principle of personal autonomy and an idea of autonomous man, which stems from philosophy of liberalism. The practice of personal autonomy in bioetics, which takes over the features of this political concept and does not comprise a metaphysical question about a man seems to empty a concept of humanity. My work tries to turn attentation to this problem and show the difficulties of personal autonomy when presented from the secular point of view. I want to offer then the concept of narrative ethics as a vision of supplementing the concept of modern principal bioetics.
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Interreligious dialogue and bioethics
RODKOVÁ, Iveta
The diploma thesis deals with the topic of interreligious dialogue and bioethics. The thesis analyses ethical context of specific biomedical issues, namely euthanasia, abortion, assisted reproduction and embryonic stem cells research viewed through the eyes of three world monotheistic religions (Christianity, Judaism and Islam). Sacred books, published documents and further available sources are used to explain the approach of those religions to the bioethical issues (answering the questions of why and how these religions approach the issues). The aim of the theoretical piece of work is to show observed differences and similarities. At the beginning of the thesis there is a general description of the religions in the context of medical ethics. It briefly characterizes religious beliefs and shows documents which these ethical beliefs are based on. The work shows differences but also common features of monotheistic religions. After the religions are discussed in general there is a chapter focused exclusively on interreligious dialogue. The thesis stresses out the importance of an open discussion between religions which leads to unity and reconciliation. Interreligious dialogue represents openness to unknown and willingness to a discussion. It is not possible not to mention a project called Global Ethic by a Swiss professor of theology Hans Küng, who is thoroughly interested in an interreligious dialogue mentioned above. Further chapters of the diploma thesis deal with specific bioethical questions and with the approach of Judaism, Christianity and Islam to these questions. Firstly, the thesis focuses on the issue of euthanasia followed by abortions, assisted reproduction and finally by embryonic stem cells research. The knowledge gained by studying the available sources shows that out of the listed bioethical issues world religions are mostly uniform in the opinion on euthanasia. All the monotheistic religions refer to untouchability and sanctity of human life from its beginning to natural death. It is only God who is a creator and possessor of all creation. That is why euthanasia and assisted suicide is seen negatively and at a distance as an act which does not belong to the hands of man. In 2005 the representatives of the three monotheistic religions in the Czech Republic signed a document in which they express their common negative attitude to the issue of euthanasia. Contrary to the opinion expressing agreement on the end of human life, which is seen by all the religions as the moment of natural death, there is a non-uniform opinion on its beginning. The differences in opinions of Christians, Jews and Muslims on the beginning of human life shape their attitude to abortions, assisted reproductions and also to embryonic stem cells research. In Christianity human life begins at the moment of conception and therefore from ethical point of view it has the most controversial attitude to such medical techniques. The life of the mother is valued in the same way as the life of the fetus. In Judaism an embryo has got lower status than an unborn child, therefore this religion has a slightly more benevolent attitude than Christianity. However, certain boundaries which are discussed below must be followed. In Islam the point crucial for the questions of abortion, assisted reproduction and embryonic cell stems research is when a soul is breathed into a fetus. It is only after this moment when embryo gains the status of a human person and therefore becomes untouchable. Islam and Judaism have a less strict attitude to the bioethical issues (except for euthanasia) than Christianity. The diploma thesis presents a review of opinions and values of certain monotheistic religions on bioethics issues with the concentration on interreligious dialogue. It brings an overview of similarities and differences in ethical opinions.
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Ethical aspects of Nursing care in mechanical ventilated Patients
KŘIVKOVÁ, Jana
The diploma is focused on Ethical aspects of nursing care from the perspective of staff providing nursing care in the intensive care units and long-term intensive care units. We were also interested in respondent?s knowledge in the field of ethical principles in biomedicine and their legislation. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part describes nursing care of the mechanically ventilated patients, short history of medical ethics and current status of the ethics in biomedicine. The investigative part was implemented by combination of a quantitative and a qualitative research. For the quantitative part of the investigation we used the method of questioning by a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions, 10 closed questions, 8 half-opened questions and 2 open questions which offered to show a personal opinion. Questionnaires were anonymous. Respondents that were asked were workers providing nursing care in the intensive care units and long-term intensive care units. The first goal of the diploma was to find out respondents point of view on nursing care in patients on long term mechanical ventilation. The second goal was to find out the most important ethical problems in providing nursing care in this category of patients. The last goal of the diploma was to find out respondents knowledge of codes of ethics and legislation. For the quantitative research we had two hypotheses: 1. There are ethical problems related to providing nursing care in patients on long term mechanical ventilation. This hypothesis was verified, because statistically significant majority of respondents said, that there are ethical problems related to providing nursing care in this category of patients. 2. The nurses´ approach to patients on long term mechanical ventilation is different in the intensive care units and long term intensive care units. This hypothesis was verified, because there were statistically significant differences between answers of respondents providing nursing care in intensive care units and long term intensive care units. For the qualitative research we used the technique of half-structured interview offering open questions. Into the research file was involved 10 nurses, 5 from intensive care units and 5 from long term intensive care units. There were set three investigatory questions. 1. What opinion has respondents about nursing care in patients on long term mechanical ventilation? The investigation showed that nurses have the same attitude to long term ventilated paitents as in the case of patients on acute short term mechanical ventilation. 2. What are the most serious ethical problems related to nursing long term mechanical ventilated patients? The research found out the most serious ethical problems related to long term mechanical ventilation from the point view of a nursing staff. These are preservation of human dignity and prolonging medically futile treatment. 3. What awareness of basic ethical principles and their legislation the respondents have? The investigation showed that nurses have poor knowledge of the issue. The results confirm the current situation of this issue. Based on the results of our research, we prepared educational brochure draft, which could help to facilitate orientation in this field.
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Ethics in healthcare
Matuská, Nela ; Drozen, František (advisor) ; Šípek, Ladislav (referee)
Our health is what we value most. Medicine as a scientific branch has made a great step forward in the last decades. Due to this fact, the demographical structure of inhabitants changed significantly. People reach higher age, we are able to treat diseases, which used to cause death. Nevertheless, we are not anymore in a phase, when financial costs equal treatment needed for all people in Czech Republic. Therefore, the topic Ethics in healthcare is an actual one. The aim of this thesis is the description and following analysis of actual problems in Czech healthcare. There are stated the main problems in Czech healthcare, where the relationship between ethics and economics is mostly visible. The proposal for improving the actual situation, is to extend the Ethical code of Czech Medical Chamber, as the document, which brings the main ethical standards in healthcare. The next proposal for improving the actual situation in Czech healthcare, is to make new ethical codes for different medical specialties. It is also advised to place the Ethical code of Czech Medical Chamber on visible places. The used method is compilation of literature and interviews with professionals and medics for analytical approaches. In this thesis, data from Czech Institution for Health Information and Statistics are used. There are also used articles form healthcare magazines and from general periodicals.
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