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Why are geographic ranges of species mostly small? Causes of range size variation
Kalendová, Pavlína ; Storch, David (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
Species range size is collection of all regions which the specie occupies. Every specie has different range size, the most widespread are marine species. Range size distribution is log-normal, which means that the most of species have narrow ranges, some are widespread, and a few have extremely small ranges. This distribution can be a result of speciation and extinction. Speciation adds new species, which inhabits a part of original range. It causes a reduction of original range. Old species, which are getting closer to their extinction, are also declining their range together with abundance. One of the interesting theories is the stochastic theory, it is based on stochastic differential equation. This equation describes a changes of range size towards its equilibrium, which is the value when the range size is in steady state. The next factor is abundance. It is known that species with more individuals occupy larger ranges. Abundance distribution is also log-normal. In this thesis, I would try to summarize theories which explains why the most of species have small range sizes and how range vary among similar species.
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Molecular phylogeography of the tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lajbner, Zdeněk ; Kotlík, Petr (advisor) ; Flajšhans, Martin (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) is a valued table fish native to Europe and Asia, but which is now widely distributed in many temperate freshwater regions of the world as the result of human-mediated translocations. Spatial genetic analysis applied to sequence data from four unlinked loci (introns of three nuclear genes and mitochondrial DNA) defined two groups of populations that were little structured geographically but were significantly differentiated from each other, and it identified locations of major genetic breaks, which were concordant across genes and were driven by distributions of two major phylogroups. This pattern most reasonably reflects isolation in two principal glacial refugia and subsequent range expansions, with the Eastern and Western phylogroups remaining largely allopatric throughout the tench range. However, this phylogeographic variation was also present in European cultured breeds and some populations at the western edge of the native range contained the Eastern phylogroup. Thus, natural processes have played an important role in structuring tench populations, but human-aided dispersal have also contributed significantly, with the admixed genetic composition of cultured breeds most likely contributing to the introgression. I have then designed novel PCR-RFLP assays...
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