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Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza to ecosystem services in agroecosystems
Šabatková, Zuzana ; Janoušková, Martina (advisor) ; Kohout, Petr (referee)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are significant plant mutualists providing their host plants with many benefits. For efficient use of arbuscular mycorrhiza in agricultural systems, it is important to understand factors, which can influence the beneficial effects of the symbiosis, and how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter plant physiological mechanisms. If used correctly, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could importantly contribute to various ecosystem services in agroecosystems and thus alleviate yield losses and decrease the negative impact of agriculture on ecosystems. This thesis summarizes the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on crop plants in agroecosystems, their occurence in agricultural systems, particularly in arable soils, as well as their contribution to selected ecosystem services in agroecosystems. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ecosystem services, agroecosystem, soil formation, environmental stress, plant resistence
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Biodiversity of epigeic beetles in wheat and maize fields in conventional management
SLOVÁKOVÁ, Karolína
In 2016, a survey of the effect of conventional wheat and maize cultivation on the epigeic beetles biodiversity was conducted. The field selected for this survey fell into the cadastral area of České Budějovice and was located between the municipalities of Pašinovice and Římov. The agricultural cooperative Ločenice was operating in these fields. Using ground traps with ethylene glycol solution, between May and September, 622 beetles were captured. These were used to determine activity, dominance, biodiversity according to the Shannon-Weaver index (H), relictness and anthropogenic impact on communities of epigeic beetles in these localities. The highest activity was recorded in the corn field (353 pieces) and 269 pieces in the wheat field. The most frequent families of both localities were Carabidae and Staphylinidae. The most frequent species was Poecilus cupreus, found 153 times in the maize field and 140 times in the wheat field. Biodiversity has been low compared to other localities - H corn field 1,11 and H wheat field 0,87. Both sites proved to be very heavily influenced from the anthropogenic point of view - ISD maize field 1.5 and wheat field ISD 0. This value showed a 100 percent presence of expansive species in the wheat field. A very low number (9 pieces) of the 2nd order relics - adaptable species - was recorded in the maize field. Adaptable species were 2 of the family of Carabidae - Harpalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Notiophilus biguttatus (Fabricius, 1778) and 3 of the Staphylinidae family: Othius punctulatus (Goeze, 1777), Philonthus quisquiliarius (Gyllenhal, 1810) and P. umbratilis (Gravenhorst, 1802). In neither field, as mentioned above, no relics of the 1st order - rare and endangered species were recorded. The results of this work were influenced by climatic conditions and movement of game during the sampling period.
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Biodiversity of model agroecosystems on the ecological farm in the vicinity of České Budějovice (Lišov)
POJSL, Miroslav
Epigeic beetle communities were studied on three agroecosystems with different crops grown. All three agroecosystems were located in the vicinity of Ceske Budejovice (Lišov). The first eco-agroecosystem was alfalfa field. On the second one was meadow. The third eco-agroecosystem was permanent grassland. The agroekosystems differd not only in crops but also in agrotechnical operations during the capture. For all agroecosystems was for capture of the organisms used method of pitfall traps. Subsequently, those organisms have been studied. Then was studied the measure of human impact on the biodiversity of species of different ecological groups found in these locations.
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Communities of epigeic beetles (Coleoptera) in the different types of green belts in fields
ŠEBÍK, Jakub
SUMMARY The assemblages of epigeic beetles were studied in various types of agroecosystems in the submontaneous area of Novohradske hory (South Bohemia, Czech republic). The research took place in years 2009 and 2011. There were sown various types of crops, in the target places, on which were established either biobelts (research 2009) or permanent green belts with trees and shrubs (research 2011) in past. The aim of the study was to assess, whether or how these landscape structures influence epigeic beetles. The datas were gathered by sampling ground beetles with ground traps. The collected material was put then through identification and this was the base for assessing the parameters of landscape structures influence on epigeic beetles. These parameters were: the species diversity, the abundance and the ammount of relict species. It was collected 3099 beetles and it was managed to identify 54 species at all. The interest groups of invertebrates were ground beetles/carabids (Carabidae) and rove beetles (Staphylinidae). The results differed for both groups. The rove beetles were generally more abundant, than ground beetles and most of them were found in crops in the year 2009. The lowest numbers were caught in crops 2011. There was a quite remarkable contrast between these two results. The species diversity of rove beetles was too lower, than the ground beetles? one. The results of biodiversity seemed to be strange so as the abundance was. The diversity was the highest in the crops 2009 and the slowest in the crops 2011. Nearly the same diversity was found in biobelts, which are really different type of habitat. The carabids? abundance was not so oscillating like by the rove beetles. They were the most abundant in biobelts and the less in permanent belts. The abundance in crops in both years was nearly the same. The species diversity was highest in permanent belts and the lowest in crops in the year of 2009. The results about antropic influence on epigeic beetles assemblages, based on ecological characteristics of beetles, were eventually raised. It was established, that all the populations are strongly affected by human. The results say, that habitats like biobelt and permanent belt seem to have a positive impact on epigeic beetles assemblages, namely on relict or rare beetles survival. The results have very disparate and sometimes contradictory nature, thus cannot be sumarized.
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Biodiversity of epigeic beetles on selected field crops - effects of management on the structure of communities
SVOBODA, Richard
Epigeických beetle communities were studied on four agroecosystems with different crops grown. All four agroecosystems were located in the vicinity of Czech Budejovice (South Bohemia). The first agroecosystem is conventionally grown corn. On the second one agroecosystem it was conventionally grown wheat. The third agroecosystem was barley and the fourth was permanent grassland. Individual agroekosystems differed not only in crops but also in agrotechnical operations during the capture. In all agroecosystems was for capture of the material used method of pitfall traps. Subsequently, those types have been studied. Then was studied degree of human impact on the biodiversity of species of different ecological groups found in these locations.Beetle activity was highest in the maize agroecosystem. There was found almost half of all captured individuals. In all agroecosystems was activity affected by management of agrotechnic operations and also by for that year specific weather. All sites were completely dominated by expansive species (E - types of deforested habitats strongly influenced by human activities)
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