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Polioviruses and poliovirus vaccines
Špika, Ondřej ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Přikryl, David (referee)
Polio is one of the diseases that humanity has been successfully fighting for more than half a century. The poliomyelitis virus that causes the disease can in some cases attack the nerve cells controlling the limbs and cause their paralysis. Especially dangerous are then the cases of infections of the respiratory neurons, which can lead to death without help. Mainly thanks to the scientists Salk and Sabin, two vaccines were created which, despite their disadvantages, successfully reduced the worldwide incidence of polio by 99%. However, there are still places where no vaccine is commonly available and where the virus is still endemic. The Salk vaccine, which was used first, uses an inactivated virus to prompt an immune response. However, its disadvantage is lower efficiency. Several years later, Sabin came with his live attenuated vaccine, unable to destroy human nerve cells. Sabin's vaccine conquered the world with simple oral administration and high efficacy. The disadvantage, which arises especially today, is the possibility of reverse mutation of the virus and the formation of pathogenic forms. This vaccine- derived virus can cause local outbreaks at low vaccination sites. Therefore, the use of the Sabine vaccine is being abandoned in favor of the Salk vaccine, possibly along with boosters. But...
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Poliomyelitis and contemporary issues of its eradication
PETRÁŇOVÁ, Monika
This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the eradication of infectious polio and its current problems. Polio is a highly infectious disease of viral origin. The most effective form of protection from the disease is vaccination. The main aim of this work was to determine the major issues in polio surveillance in the Pilsen region at present. Intermediate goals were determined in relation to the main aim: to ascertain the awareness of practicing paediatricians about the principles of poliomyelitis surveillance with an emphasis on diagnosing and reporting cases of acute palsy and further to ascertain the quality of the cooperation between the locally competent public health authority and practicing paediatricians in the field of poliomyelitis surveillance. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The practical part was elaborated using a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with practicing paediatricians and with the locally competent public health authority. The research was participated in by 9 practicing paediatricians and one public health authority worker from the Pilsen region, with an average length of practice of 20 years. The resulting data was then evaluated by a coding method and divided into schemes according to Švaříček and Šeďová (2007). Three research questions were defined based on the set aims: RQ1: What do practising paediatricians see as the prime problems in polio surveillance? RQ2: How many cases of acute palsy do practising paediatricians record and subsequently report to the competent public health authority? RQ3: What is the quality of the cooperation between practising paediatricians and the locally competent public health authority? The research revealed that, according to the practising paediatricians, the problem in poliomyelitis surveillance is refusal of the vaccination and the associated decreasing immunisation coverage of the population. The next most commonly reported problem was population migration. Furthermore, it was found that not one practising paediatrician recorded or reported cases of acute palsy in their surgery. Only one respondent encountered acute palsy 10 years ago. The answer to the last research question is also apparent from the information obtained. More than half of the respondents agreed that so far there is no cooperation on this issue. Although four respondents stated that the cooperation is at a high level and is of very good quality.
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