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Endogenous retroviral elements and their functions in the human genome
Famfulíková, Mirka ; Pačes, Jan (advisor) ; Lichá, Irena (referee)
In addition to the coding sequences, the human genome contains a so noncoding DNA, among which we count transposable elements capable of transposition in the genome. The remnants of the past retrovirus infections - endogenous retroviruses (human endogenous retroviruses - HERVs) belong to the transposable elements, which contain the LTR sequences. Human endogenous retroviruses make up to 8% of the size of the human genome. The retroviruses are not only passive relicts, but they have gained some key functions - too. They increase the plasticity of the human genome and some HERV LTRs can serve as binding sites for transcription factors like. Env protein from the families HERV-W and HERV- FRD were coopted by the human genome and are nowadays expressed as proteins Syncitin-1 and Syncitin-2, which are necessary by the forming of human placenta. Unfortunately, the HERV elements can have a negative health impacts. In the last decades they are subject of a debate in connection with various diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, HIV proliferation and some types of tumorigenesis. The role of HERVs in the human genome is not completely known yet and it is important to continue with their research. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Interaction of HIV-1 infection and expresion of endogenous retroviruses
Machač, David ; Elleder, Daniel (advisor) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to describe the effect of HIV-1 on the expression of HERV proviruses in infected cells, how the presence of HERV transcripts and proteins can affect the replication cycle of HIV-1, the composition, structure and infectivity. These interactions may have negative but also positive effects on HIV-1 infectivity. For example, the mutual presence of HIV-1 and HERV proteins encoded by the gag genes responsible for the capsid, nucleocapsid, and virion matrix, may mix together, and form aberrant capsids that will not play a correct role in the HIV-1 replication cycle. Further, due to the phenomenon called viral pseudotyping, HERV envelope glycoproteins could be incorporated into the HIV-1 membrane. This could be a pathway, how the HIV-1 could theoreticaly extend the tropism to other cells than only CD4 T-lymphocytes, macrophages and dedritic cells. Key Words: HERV, HIV-1, virus pseudotypes, retrovirus replication
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Endogenous retroviral elements and their functions in the human genome
Famfulíková, Mirka ; Pačes, Jan (advisor) ; Lichá, Irena (referee)
In addition to the coding sequences, the human genome contains a so noncoding DNA, among which we count transposable elements capable of transposition in the genome. The remnants of the past retrovirus infections - endogenous retroviruses (human endogenous retroviruses - HERVs) belong to the transposable elements, which contain the LTR sequences. Human endogenous retroviruses make up to 8% of the size of the human genome. The retroviruses are not only passive relicts, but they have gained some key functions - too. They increase the plasticity of the human genome and some HERV LTRs can serve as binding sites for transcription factors like. Env protein from the families HERV-W and HERV- FRD were coopted by the human genome and are nowadays expressed as proteins Syncitin-1 and Syncitin-2, which are necessary by the forming of human placenta. Unfortunately, the HERV elements can have a negative health impacts. In the last decades they are subject of a debate in connection with various diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, HIV proliferation and some types of tumorigenesis. The role of HERVs in the human genome is not completely known yet and it is important to continue with their research. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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