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Epidemiological and ecological impacts of floods in the Cesky Krumlov district
PAPOUŠKOVÁ, Michala
The topic of my diploma thesis are Epidemiological and ecological impacts of floods in the Cesky Krumlov district. In the theoretical part I deal, from the perspective of epidemiology, with infectious diseases that may occur due to floods, I explain what information system was used by the regional hygiene stations in order to carry out the obligatory report, records, and analysis of occurrence of infectious diseases, and I would like to point out that from 1 January 2018 on, a new system started working for regional hygiene stations in the Czech Republic. Further, I deal with ecological impacts, and explain ecology in terms of Nature Conservation Act. Last but not least, I mention floods as such in the theoretical part, I define flood legislation, what administrative authorities work if such a crisis situation occurs, and what flood affected the region of Cesky Krumlov. The practical part analyses Epidat and the ISIN information system data using metaanalysis, searching for a link between them and infectious diseases during floods. I focused on infectious diseases that ma occur in connection to floods, such as Leptospirosis, Shigelosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacteria and Norovirus, Virus Hepatitis type A, and Virus Hepatitis type E. The Discussion part evaluates the questionnaire aimed at the citizens of Cesky Krumlov region, also at the primary school pupils. What is their image of consequences of floods, and what may bet he cause. The results are then discussed in the conclusion of my diploma thesis. Creating an information leaflet meant for the lay public is another output of my diploma thesis.
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Epidemiology of viral hepatitis E
KOPAL, Jiří
To write this thesis, I chose a topic related to viral hepatitis E. In my opinion, this topic is clearly highly topical and the issue of VHE will be increasingly discussed in the future. Viral hepatitis are in general frequent diseases in developed countries, as well as in the Czech Republic. Nowadays there are known 5 types of hepatitis that to a greater or lesser extent occur in the population. In the Current Status section I will acquaint the reader with the basic anatomical and physiological patterns of functions and structures of the liver tissue, because viral hepatitis - as the name suggests - affects hepatocytes, thus the liver cells. Furthermore, I described from the literature all types of viral hepatitis and introduced differences which occur between them. In particular, I focused intensely on hepatitis E. Before writing this thesis I have identified several hypotheses and objectives. H1: The overall morbidity of VHE for the period 2000-2010 in the Czech Republic is comparable with morbidity in other European countries during the same period. H2: In the Czech Republic, the case of an infection of VHE is more of an occupational disease. From the available literature it was determined that the incidence of VHE in Europe is increasing. The literature also introduced several known cases of occupational disease of VHE for professionals working with pork or pigs and veterinarians, but these cases are rather sporadic. Thus, hypothesis 2 was not confirmed. In my thesis I have also determined a few objectives. Objective 1: To provide an overview of the prevalence of VHE for the period of 2000-2010 in Europe and in the Czech Republic and to determine whether the patterns of the spread of VHE differ in the Czech Republic and in Europe. Objective 2: To determine whether the case of viral hepatitis E in the Czech Republic is a greater occurrence as an occupational illness or a disease with a traveling history. Objective 3: To evaluate the efficacy of preventive and anti-epidemic measures which are applied as a protection against the infection with hepatitis E. The overview of the incidence of infection is presented in tables and graphs in the chapter Results, part of it is listed in the chapter Attachments. Scientific researches of VHE are still basically in the world and in Europe at their beginning. From the literature, I found that not only in Czech Republic but also in other European countries, the VHE is more abundant. Currently it is not known much unambiguous information that would lead to improved effectiveness transmission prevention of VHE in developed countries. Increase in incidence of VHE is here attributed to more frequent examinations of chronic liver disease, thorough diagnosis of drug-induced liver failure and other diseases whose cause has not been definitely clarified. Until recently, the idea of VHE infection amongst patients with no history of traveling was almost taboo. Only further research in this area may help us to better understand the disease and to ensure the prevention, diagnosis and specific treatment. In the meantime, we should follow the precautionary principle.
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Analysis of Occurrence of Imported Infectious Diseases in the Region of South Bohemia over the Last Five Years
MYSLÍK, Ladislav
Imported diseases are infections that have been acquired during a travel or a stay abroad. Such infectious diseases may include cosmopolitan and potential re-introduction illnesses and tropical and re-emerging illnesses. The movement of populations affects the distribution and spread of communicable diseases globally. Today?s mobility and unnatural interaction of different races or otherwise geographically defined populations facilitate the emergence of contagious diseases in humans, animals or, even in plants. Some pathogens can be imported into a new area by travellers or immigrants in the absence of illness signs or symptoms. Many geographical barriers have now been breached by mobility and migration. The theoretical section of this thesis is mainly aimed to provide a description of the most common imported diseases according to their current epidemiological trends. Travel-related risks, risk groups of travellers and migration characteristics are also mentioned. In addition, it deals with domestic and international inbound and outbound tourism and includes a forecast of international tourism development towards 2030. The conclusion of the theoretical section aims to describe epidemiology of imported diseases and to provide an insight into systems of monitoring and surveillance of travel-related infections, such as GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, EuroTravNet, TropNet and the Czech Nationwide Epidat information system. The objective of this diploma thesis of the empirical section is to carry out an analysis of occurrence of imported infectious diseases in the Region of South Bohemia over the last five years. Data and information recorded into Epidat database from 2007 to 2011 shapes the target group. Methods of research are mainly based on descriptive statistics that describe most of collected data quantitatively. Moreover, seven hypotheses were designed that were tested via results using regression analysis, Pearson's chi-squared test and Student's t-test. A total of 190 cases from 46 world-wide destinations were imported between 2007 and 2011. Of those, 166 were imported by residents; 24 cases were brought in by foreigners. The most frequent countries of acquisition were European destinations (49%; n = 92), Asia (33%; n = 63) and Africa (16%; n = 31). Gastro-intestinal (GI) diseases accounted for 68.4% of illnesses, followed by blood-borne and vector-borne infections. GI conditions included campylobacteriosis (n = 38), salmonellosis (n = 33) and shigellosis (n = 30). Amongst blood-borne diseases, hepatitis B accounted for 21 cases (mainly in Vietnamese). Amongst vector-borne illnesses, 6 cases of malaria and 1 case of dengue were identified. Hypothesis H1 (further described only as H2, etcetera) "There is an association between numbers of travellers and occurrence of imported infectious diseases" was rejected. H2 "There is a different incidence rate among countries of acquisition" could not be confirmed because of the lack of the denominator data (numbers of travellers to specific destinations). H3 "The most frequent countries of acquisition are European countries" was confirmed and accepted. H4 "The highest rate of imported infectious diseases is in the České Budějovice District" was confirmed and accepted. H5 "The most frequent imported infections are gastro-intestinal diseases" was confirmed and accepted. H6 "There is a descending tendency of occurrence of imported infectious diseases" was rejected. H7 "There is a higher likelihood of presenting with a vaccination preventable disease in unvaccinated returned travellers" could not be confirmed due to the lack of data.
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Vaccination against pertussi - changing reasons of public notice about vaccination against infectious disease
KOUBOVÁ, Jana
The thesis is focused on monitoring the incidence of pertussis (or whooping cough) in the South Bohemian Region (SBR) in the years from 2000 to 2009. The main target group was population of children. The thesis has two basic parts, theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part describes not only history of the disease and its incidence but it is also focused on the basic epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, vaccinations and the health and social impact on society as a whole. In the theoretical part, information was drawn from available literature and valid legal regulations. The main objective of the thesis was to survey and analyze the incidence of pertussis in the SBR in individual age groups in the years 2000 ? 2009. To compare the incidence of pertussis in the SBR to the situation in the Czech Republic, i.e. morbidity per 100 000 people in the SBR with morbidity per 100 000 people in the Czech Republic, to assess the impact of the Decree No. 65/2009 Coll. amending the Decree of the Ministry of Health No. 537 / 2006 Coll., on vaccination against infectious diseases. In order to meet the objectives, three hypotheses were stated for the confirmation of which qualitative research was selected ? the technique of secondary analysis of data from the Epidat system included in the report of the Regional Hygiene Station of the SBR in České Budějovice. The first hypothesis assumed that in vaccinated children pretussis most often occurs in age group 10 ? 14 years of age. This hypothesis was confirmed. Likewise, the second hypothesis, assuming that the newly introduced flat vaccination of children aged 10 ? 11 years reduces the incidence of the disease, was verified. The third hypothesis, assuming that the infection causative agent will still circulate in the population and the most affected group is a cohort of young adults, was also verified.
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Viral hepatitis B at i.v. drug users {--} health and social issues
SOUČKOVÁ, Iveta
The bachelor thesis has been focused on monitoring the prevalence of viral hepatitis B in the South Bohemian Region in the period from 2005 to 2009 years. Intravenous drug users are the target group since they belong to the risk group jeopardized by this infection. The thesis has got two basic parts {--} a theoretical part and a research one. The theoretical part describes not only a history of this dangerous disease and its prevalence in the world, but it also concentrates on the basic epidemiological characteristics, treatment, health as well as social and economic impacts on the whole society. In the theoretical part I drew from the available literature and from the existing legislation. An aim of the research part of the bachelor thesis was to map an incidence of viral hepatitis B in the South Bohemian Region in the period from 2005 to 2009 years at intravenous drug users. Three hypotheses were established in order to identify the objectives; it was chosen a quantitative research with a technique of a secondary data analysis from Epidat system for their confirmation or refutation. Altogether 199 electronic screening sheets of intravenous drug users reported by the Regional Public Health Watch in České Budějovice were analyzed. The research established the first hypothesis, which assumed that the overall incidence of viral hepatitis B at the intravenous users in the South Bohemian Region in the period from 2005 to 2009 years is the same, as it is in the Czech Republic. This hypothesis was confirmed. Likewise, the second hypothesis was verified; it assumed a higher prevalence rate of acute viral hepatitis B at the intravenous drug users in the South Bohemian Region in the monitored period from 2005 to 2009 years than it was the prevalence in the Czech Republic. The anticipated third hypothesis regarding an educational attainment of the intravenous drug users in the South Bohemian Region in the period from 2005 to 2009 years was, compared with the results observed in the same period in the Czech Republic, verified as well. The results can be used for a need of any further research, for professional publications and for teaching purposes.
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