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Modern trends in radiographic procedures and methods in defectoscopy
Skřivánková, Vendula ; Vlašic, František (referee) ; Juliš, Martin (advisor)
Presented thesis deals with modern trends and techniques in radiographic methods of crack detection which are recently used in engineering practice. In the first part, conventional (analogue) radiography principles based on creating a visible image of tested object to radiographic film are discussed. The next part is aimed to the digital radiography and radioscopy. To digitize existing X-ray film images, application of storage phosphor plates (CR), flat panels (DR) and computed tomography (CT).
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Imperfections of the skiagraphs.
JECHOVÁ, Kateřina
The purpose of my Thesis was to find and document occurrence of imperfect skiagrams in all types of radiographic views, this means classic films, computed radiography (CR) and direct radiography (DR). The research question is "Is there any correlation between number of imperfect skiagrams and number of total skiagrams taken?" I documented rate of imperfect skiagrams in hospital České Budějovice in the time between the years 2013 2015. The Thesis is divided to two main sections: History of Display media and the principle of displaying with all types of displays. Imperfect skiagrams were sorted by origin to: Imperfections caused by operations, imperfections caused by patient and imperfections caused during processing. In my thesis I found out that there is not direct correlation between icreasing number of examinations and number of processed skiagrams. In the reporting period between 2013 2015 there is dependency only in year 2013. In the next two years there is discrepancy in the tracked parameter. The increasing number of examinations and the introduction of new investigative techniques and the rotation of employees (the onset of graduates, as well as radiologists and doctors, their incorporation) are the occurrence of erroneous skiagrams inconsistent with the increasing number of examinations. The monitoring of imperfect skiagrams at the Hospital of České Budějovice is an indicator of the quality of displaying where the upper limit is set at 2.5%. In the reference period, it ranges from 0.2% to 1.76%. Employees are introduced every month and cumulatively once a year to the numbers and types of bad skiagrams to eliminate these errors as much as possible.
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Modern trends in radiographic procedures and methods in defectoscopy
Skřivánková, Vendula ; Vlašic, František (referee) ; Juliš, Martin (advisor)
Presented thesis deals with modern trends and techniques in radiographic methods of crack detection which are recently used in engineering practice. In the first part, conventional (analogue) radiography principles based on creating a visible image of tested object to radiographic film are discussed. The next part is aimed to the digital radiography and radioscopy. To digitize existing X-ray film images, application of storage phosphor plates (CR), flat panels (DR) and computed tomography (CT).
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RADIATION PATIENT LOAD IN DIGITAL AND CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY
KRAINA, Aleš
To implement a digital service essentially means transition from the established SFR technique (i.e. screen-film radiography) to predominantly CR (Computed Radiography) or DR (Direct Radiography). The stated methods of digitalization differ in their use of a range of types of diagnostic equipment and image digitalization devices. The utilization of individual methods can, however, lead to different results in the amount of skin entry radiation dose and organs absorbed dose in patients undergoing ionizing radiation examination. The objective of this thesis is to compare individual methods (i.e. SFR, CR, DR) generally used for image digitalization in respect of radiation stress for patients. Radiation stress was compared both by measuring entry radiation dose on phantoms and by clinical results acquired from a KAP meter. To validate clinical results, the three most often examinations have been chosen: skull, chest, and stomach examinations. This selection was affected by its frequency and amount of radiation stress. The measured results were then compared with available foreign literature. On the basis of the measurements acquired, it is apparent that Direct Radiography leads to radical reduction in radiation dose in patients. As regards Computed Radiography, it cannot be generally said whether it entails a lower dose in patients. The measured and consequently published figures imply that there are significant differences amongst individual manufactures of CR systems (for example Fuji, Kodak, Konica, etc.) which do or do not lead, in comparison with SFR, to a lower radiation stress. According to the measurements published in this thesis, it can be stated that the use of state-of-the art CR technology could lead to reduction as high as 50 percent of the radiation stress if compared to SFR.
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Digitization, the advantages and disadvantages, compared with analog processing of X-ray method with respect to radiation dose
TONCROVÁ, Silvie
Many years have passed since the discovery of X-rays, and yet X-ray examination remains one of the most frequently used examinations today. During the course of existence of radiological science, high-performance X-ray machines have been developed for basic radioscopy and radiographic techniques. In recent decades, computing technology has been increasingly applied in X-ray devices, and has become the basis for new X-ray examination techniques, introducing digitalization to the field of X-ray diagnosis. The objective of my work is to compare the advantages and disadvantages of digital processig of X-ray images versus analogue techniques, and to compare the economic and operational costs of these systems and the doses used in the respective devices. The comparisons were made at departments and units equipped with systems of direct digitalization, indirect digitalization, and analogue image processing. My hypothesis that the use of digital devices entails a lesser radiation burden for patients was confirmed. This is well apparent from the tables and graphs documenting the results of my measurements. I also provide a basic description of the generation and processing of X-ray images using the respective systems, some legislative requirements, and an explanation of basic terms and technicals data about the diagnostic devices used. This work indicates that digitalization in the field of radiodiagnostics contributes to the reduction of radiation dose for patients and is more economical for major healthcare facilities. Digitalized systems place greater demand on the software for image creation, but when properly used, they facilitate and expedite the work of radiology assistants and improve the quality of patient care.
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Impact of digital imaging on practical work of radiographer
MAREK, David
The submitted bachelor{\crq}s paper deals with the impact of digital imaging on the practical activity of a radiological assistant. In 2006, I participated in a professional seminar held by the AURA-GROUP company, which focused on digitalization of modalities in the health service. This topic seemed to be so interesting for me that I decided to find out what their experience were and what the comparison of the analogue and digital imaging would be like from the point of view of assistants working in practice and to find out more about requirements concerning a radiological assistant{\crq}s work both under the analogue and under the digital operation. In the theoretical section, the principle of X-rays is provided together with a small excursion into the history and the method of analogue and digital imaging and current methods of archiving as well. In this section, the current state of radiology is surveyed and the principles of the individual methods, their advantages and disadvantages together with future prospective are described here as well. In the practical section, I decided to verify the hypothesis that the digital imaging is more valuable in practice that the analogue one. Within the framework of quantitative methodology, the method of fact-finding through questionnaire was used. This questionnaire was presented to employees of radiological departments and the results were subsequently statistically processed and evaluated. The research sample was set up from employees working in the radiological departments in the hospitals in České Budějovice and Český Krumlov. For the purposes of this research, I made no difference as far as the individual age categories or educational background or any other criteria are concerned. This means that this selection was not limited in any way and it has, in my opinion, sufficient support both from the theory and practice and thus it has a sufficient testifying value with respect to the knowledge and experience of the radiological assistants subject to the research. The results of this work confirmed the respective hypothesis and it was demonstrated that digitalization has positive impact on practical activity of a radiological assistant for the purpose of post-processing adjustments, X-ray images archiving using the PACS system, and the fact that there is no need of the so-called wet process is particularly beneficial as well. In the summary, we should also see economic advantages, as they are one of The most important criteria for development of new methods of activities in the field of health care at the present time. The fact that the digital method of imaging saves costs relating to films, chemical substances, archiving capacities (rooms and staff) brings substantial savings, which may be utilized for example for the purchase of technologically advanced equipment.
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