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Characterization of brick clays for the production of THERM bricks
Svobodová, Markéta ; Stančík,, Hynek (referee) ; Sokolář, Radomír (advisor)
The Bachelor´s thesis is focused on the comparison of brick claysthat arecalcium and non-calcium and then it determines which of these brick clays are suitable for production of thin wall thermal insulating fittings called THERM. The main influence has CaO contained in the calcium brick clay in the form of calcite. In the theoretical part you can find an overview of the brick clays in the Czech Republic and abroad then requirements for clays and laboratory testing of bricks. In the practical part of the work were performed tests on samples of brick clays used in the Czech Republic. Mineralogical composition differenceis obviousafter firing the brick clays.This difference is caused by occurrence of anorthite calcium brick clay which then reflects in the usefulproperty of brick shard. Based on these tests I make evaluationof the most suitable type of brick clay for processing the THERM fittings.
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Risk factors for osteoporosis - knowledge and behavior of adolescent girls
KVASNÍKOVÁ, Martina
The thesis deals with the theme of risk factors for osteoporosis, knowledge and behavior of adolescent girls. The theoretical part of the thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the anatomy and physiology of bone. The second chapter discusses general information about osteoporosis. The third chapter summarizesthe prevention of osteoporosis and in the fourth chapter describes the treatment of osteoporosis. In the practical part of thesis was used method quantitative research. The target group consisted of 100 adolescent girls in the age range of 15-17 years of grammar school and vocational school in the České Budějovice. The girls were interviewed using a questionnaire, which consisted of questions related to osteoporosis. In thesis were determined two main objectives. The first of them was to map the knowledge of adolescent girls in the prevention of osteoporosis. The second objective is concerned with mapping the behavior of adolescent girls in the prevention of osteoporosis. The first research question dealt with by what kind of knowledge adolescent girls in the prevention of osteoporosis. The second research question was focused on the behavior of adolescent girls in the prevention of osteoporosis. According to the questionnaires can be concluded that the majority of respondents are not sufficiently informed about osteoporosis, but I find girls that basic information about the disease they have. Questionnaires filled in by teenage girls from the first and second years of grammer school and vocational school, therefore, the results are compared with one another. The survey shows that respondents from vocational school awareness of osteoporosis do not. Girls from grammer school have heard about this disease, but they can´t define it. The reason for this ignorance is that girls (from grammer school and from vocational school) have never been informed about osteoporosis. This fact mention the majority of the respondent girls. In most cases in the families of the respondents there is not osteoporosis or the girls do not know. On the following questions in the questioannarire girl (from both schools) have marked mostly option "not know". It were a questions whether sex hormones protects to some extent against osteoporosis. Furthermore, for which persons osteoporosis frequently occurs, whether the osteoporosis relate with calcium and vitamin D, or not. Schoolgirl from grammer school and vocational school mostly said that they consume milk and milk products several times a day or once a day. Of the 100 respondents sonly 18 girls said that do not drink alcohol. A total of 55 female students do not smoke and 23 female students smoke. The number of girl who smoke from vocational school is more than number of girls from grammer school. Schoolgirls of grammer school correctly think that physical activity can affect osteoporosis, the respondents of vocational school hold a different opinion. All of the girls regularly do sports, except for the two girls who do not purposefully movement. Based on the information from the questionnaire it would be appropriate that the teenager girls should be more informed about osteoporosis. There are several variations, such as educational material prepared for teenage girls or classes in school or self studying. Very important is the prevention of osteoporosis. The important role have a adequate nutrition and physical activity. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the knowledge of adolescent girls about the disease, so they can avoid.
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Acidification of Czech soils and its threat
DAŇHELOVÁ, Jitka
This work focuses on the dangers of acidification of the soil in our conditional environment, and the related events that have a negative reflection on the entire ecosystem, including the socio-economic consequences for the entire community as well. It describes the causes of soil acidification, its primary markers, and the negative impact on the soil environment, plants, and edaphon. Soil reaction plays an important role, and bears evidence of the quality of the soil in a given location. The dangers the soil acidification introduces do not only affect the field of agriculture, but is significant from an ecological perspective, where we can assess the influence of acidification on the environment. An increase in soil acidity leads to leaching of nutrients from the soil, increased mobilisation of toxic substances, a disruption of natural microbiological processes in the soil, it enhances the effect of other degradational processes, and the loss of the natural processes of the soil is often irreversible. The effect of calcium on the soil and its role in plants' ability to absorb nutrients is also examined. The work also deals with how to neutralise acidic soil, in which the application of calcium on agricultural soil plays the most important role. The effect of calcium changes the characteristics of the soil, such as soil fertility, soil reaction, availability of nutrients, biological activity, and others. Since the 1980s, there has been a significant decrease in the use of calcium products. This study evaluated the results of agrochemical testing of agricultural soils for the past twenty years, in which the results show a clear, continuing decreasing trend in pH development. The conclusion focuses on an assessment of the information, an evaluation of influences, and recommendations for corrective and preventative measures.
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Adenosine signaling in Drosophila
KUČEROVÁ, Lucie
This thesis characterizes adenosine signalization in Drosophila and describes response to adenosine in various cell types. Extracellular adenosine mediates most of its physiological effects through its receptors but recent data also indicate that adenosine transport also has important physiological functions. It was shown in this thesis that adenosine stimulates only cAMP second messenger system in Drosophila cells endogenously expressing AdoR. The pharmacological profile of the DmAdoR was established using the cAMP functional assay. The utility of the agonist 2-chloroadenosine and antagonist SCH58261 were examined in flies in vivo and compared with phenotypes of DmAdoR mutants. The responses of Drosophila cells to adenosine mediated by adenosine transport were also examined. Different cell types exhibited striking differences in adenosine uptake and adenosine recycling that were closely connected with the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This thesis provides an important foundation for the study of interactions between adenosine receptor and adenosine transport.
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Calcium in foods and its importance for nutrition
POKORNÁ, Veronika
This bachelor's thesis deals with the calcium in food and its importance for the nutrition of students at second grade of primary school. The theoretical part discusses the general characteristics of calcium, especially the chemical, physical and biological significance of chemical compounds, the occurrence of calcium in water and nature. It is focused on the calcium content in foods of animal and vegetable origin. Finally, in the theoretical part, is outlined the importance of calcium for the human body, especially the intake, absorption, excretion and consequences of its insufficient income, for example hypocalcemia, osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Practical work is focused on findings to estimate the knowledge of students aged 12 to 15 years about calcium and consequently its consumption, occurrence in foods and the importance of nutrition, using a questionnaire. The results are evaluated and graphically presented.
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Modification of dietary habits and physical activity and its effect on the density of bone tissue of a middle-aged female
JAROŠOVÁ, Veronika
The aim of this thesis is to find out about the effect which have modification of dietary habits and physical activity on the density of bone tissue of a middle-aged female. Intervention programme was prepared for middle-aged female in the length od six months. Intervention programme included modification of dietary habits which meant that the amount of calcium was increased. Programme also included modification of physical aktivity. Training programme was dividend into two parts. There were aerobic physical activities and special work out. Study started in August 2011 and it was finished in February 2012. DXA examination was done to detect bone density. There were two areas to examine - L1-L4 and proximal femur (Neck, Troch, Inter, Ward´s). Apart from bone density, there was also body composition examination. Fat mass, lean mass and total body fat were detected. DXA results from medical examinations for the areas are evaluated in the practical part.
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Disorders of mineral metabolism in cattle
KADLECOVÁ, Lenka
My Bachelor thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The goal of the theoretical part is to elaborate the bibliography dealing with significant production diseases of cattle with emphasis on the disorders of the metabolism of mineral substances especially of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. The bibliography contains a description of the symptoms, therapies and the prevention of particular diseases. The practical part of my Bachelor thesis includes two areas of findings. The first part focuses on the intake of the minerals substances in question contained in food and mineral supplements in dairy cows on the farm Horní Staňkov. The second part follows the contents of mineral substances and alkaline phosphatase in the blood plasma and urine of dairy cows. Based on the examination of blood plasma and urine an overview of the level of saturation with macroelements in dairy cows was made.
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Human nutrition like part of prevention in osteoporosis and osteomalacia
BRABCOVÁ, Markéta
The purpose of this baccalaureate work is to study deseases related to osteoporosis and osteomalacia. It describes the composition of the bones, historical occurrence of osteoporosis, the characteristics of the osteoporosis and osteomalacia, as well as the differences between these osseous diseases. Furthermore, the present work focuses on the prevention of osteoporosis from the nutrition point of view. It analyses the influence of mineral substances, vitamins and hormons on the formation of bones. Osteoporosis is an old disease. Women suffering from osteoporosis can be seen already on some Chinese and Greek paintings. Premature osteoporosis has been noticed also in skeletal residues of young women steming from the 3rd - 5th centuries A.D. In such young women, the osteoporosis was due to consumption of bread containing a higher portion of phytate which bonds calcium. Within the whole group of osseous metabolic osteopathias, the osteomalacia is the least frequent one. It can be found also in developing countries like India and Pakistan, but also in Muslim minorities living in the United Kingdom. It originates in the shortage of vitamin D. The purpose of this work was to find out to which extent the human nutrition influences bone diseases. A bone is never a finished product, it is subject to a continuous process of creation and destruction. Osteoporosis is a result . In aging individuals, the destruction of bones predominates over the creation of new ones, the total osseous substance decreases as such and there is an excessive decrease in all bone components - minerals, especially in calcium. This is why calcium reserves in bones are so important. The level of sexual hormons as well can cause an accelerated decrease in osseous substance. We refer here to the so-called menopausal osteoporosis which occurs in women. In men, it occurs at a later age and has a milder course. Osteomalacia is originated by a malfunction of the mineralisation of bones. There is a sufficient quantity of osseous substance, however, what is missing are minerals. A good mineralisation of bones requires enough vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and trace elements boron and fluorine. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are, in the last years, an increasingly serious problem in the developed countries, as a consequence of the increasing life expectancy. The treatment of osteoporosis and osteomalacia is very expensive, and this is why so much emphasis is placed in their prevention. Prevention measures should be commenced as soon as possible, because lack of calcium in the infant food and in the nutrition of young people causes health problems and is the inception stage of osteoporosis. The most important preventive measure is a sufficient supply of calcium and vitamin D. Other measures are physical training and exercises, staying in the sun, a sufficient supply of minerals - magnesium, phosphorus, fluorine and vitamins, especially vitamins C, K and B12 from the daily food. A negative effect on the bones is caused by excessive consumption of proteins and caffeine, which leads to calciuria. A nutrition rich in fruits and vegetables increases the alkalinity of the environment, which reduces the calciuria.
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Seasonal dynamics of selected blood parametres of selected flesh breeds of sheep bred in foothills conditions
ŽÁČKOVÁ, Klára
Sheep breeding is nowadays a developing branch of agriculture again. There is a lot of different breed and they react distinctly on the same conditions of the enviroment. Sheep of breeds charollais, suffolk, šumavská ovce and valaška bred in similar conditions were observed in spring and autumn of years 2007 and 2008. In these seasons were taking blood samples (from {$\pm$}7{--}24) ewes and lambs and were analyzed in hematology laboratory. There were determined haemoglobin level, haematocrit indicator, erytrocytes and leucocytes levels, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides levels, urea and plasmatic proteins, activity of ALP and GMT enzymes, phosphor, calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper levels. The main objective of this project was determine seasonal changes in observed parametres. Next objectives were determine different changes in blood parametres in different breeds and different aimes of breeds. There were recognized that all the observed breeds don`t react the same way on similar conditions. There were not provably determined seasonal changes in observed parametres, but average Hb level was higher in autumn than in spring. Urea level was conversely higher in spring season than in autumn. The demostrable fact is, that the similar conditions induce different answers not only in different breeds but also in different aimes of breeds.
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Osteoporosis - analysis of hazard factors and health-social consequences on postclimacterial women in Klatovy region
ŠANTOROVÁ, Markéta
The topic of bachelor thesis is Osteoporosis-Analysis of Risky Factors and Health and Social Consequences with a View to Postmenopausal Women in the Region of Klatovy. Osteoporosis is the disease of body ´s bones, which is characterized by the decrease in bone minerals amount, the decrease in bone density and the change of bone micro architecture. The consequence of these changes is the lowered quality of bone tissue and the higher risk of fractures. Generally, we can divide risky factors into three large groups: factors which can not be influenced by a patient alone (age, sex, genetic influences, geographical influences and climate conditions), which are given in advance and it is not possible to change them; further the factors which can be partly influenced by various measures, for example dietary, regime and medical measures. The last group comprises factors which can be directly influenced by an affected person, and thus only dependant on his or her will and decision (input of calcium into an organism, the influence of a diet, mobility, and bad habits). In the theoretical part the definitions associated with the title of bachelor thesis are explained: etiopathogenesis of osteoporosis, risk factors, clinical picture of this disease, examination of patients with osteoporosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, further anatomy, the structure and function of a bone, and last but not least climacterium and post menopause. For the practical part of bachelor thesis the method of data collection in the form of a questionnaire was chosen. Two questionnaires were created, of which the first comprised 17 closed questions; the second comprised 17 closed questions and 1 open question. The data was collected in the period from June 2007 to June 2008. First, 100 questionnaires were distributed; their rate of return was 100%. After the evaluation of osteoporosis measurements, 66 questionnaires were distributed to women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found; and the rate of return was 60 questionnaires. The research group was the women after menopause from the age of 45 to 80 from the region of Klatovy. The hypothesis no. 1, that the women with significant osteoporosis had 3 or more risk factors, proved, since 15 women with significant osteoporosis mentioned 3 and more risk factors. The hypothesis no. 2, that most women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found by examination, would change their present lifestyle and eating habits, proved, since out of 60 questioned women who suffer from this disease 54 changed their present lifestyles. Thy hypothesis no. 3, that at least one fifth of women with the diagnosis of osteoporosis suffered some of typical fractures, is true, since out of 15 patients who have osteoporosis, 13 mentioned the fracture already in the first questionnaire, 5 women in the second questionnaire (the fracture since the last measurement). The aim of the thesis was to find out the range of osteoporosis occurrence in measured group, the analysis of risk factors, health and social impacts and consequences in a year monitoring. This aim was achieved. The thesis can be used to prevent and eliminate risk factors which can be influenced; on the basis of analysis of risk factors and life style, cultural appeal on healthy women and already ill patients will occur. Better informedness of women is the basic presumption for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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