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Influence of growing conditions on the biologically active substances of non-traditional leafy vegetables.
FRIEDBERGEROVÁ, Markéta
Currently, most of the vegetables that are produced on the European continent are released in greenhouses. This method offers a considerable number of advantages, such as lower amount of water and heat consumption, protection against pests or meteorological phenomena, such as hail, and thus higher yields. However, one of the major disadvantages of these devices is the fact that glass is not permeable to UV-B radiation, which supports the biosynthesis of flavonoids, substances that have beneficial antioxidant effects for the human organism. This undesirable effect can be eliminated by installing LED (Light-Emitting Diode) lighting in greenhouses. This is because these lights provide a wide spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, i.e. wavelengths that plants use for a whole range of their processes. In this diploma thesis, the influence of growing conditions on the content of biologically active substances, especially quercetin and kaempferol in non-traditional types of Asian leafy vegetables, namely Namenia, Sagami, Golden Lion, Choy Sum and Tatsoi, was investigated. All the mentioned varieties were grown in two crops (spring and autumn) in the greenhouse and on the seedbed in the years 2019-2021. The highest concentration of total quercetin was recorded in the spring seed of Namenia grown in 2019 on the seedbed 1241 mg/kg of dry matter. Also, the highest content of total kaempferol 1753 mg/kg of dry matter was found in Namenia, it was the autumn period of 2020, also grown in a seedbed. When converted to fresh weight, the results were the same, the value for quercetin was 103 mg/kg of fresh weight and for kaempferol 142 mg/kg of fresh weight.
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Biologicky aktivní látky v netradiční listové zelenině.
FRIEDBERGEROVÁ, Markéta
Flavonoids are now increasingly coming to the forefront of interest not only from the scientific community but also of the public. They were found to be very beneficial in the field of prevention of cardiovascular or cancer diseases. In addition, they have proven to have antioxidant, anti-allergic or anti-inflammatory effects. In this bachelor 's thesis, the contents of substances, namely quercetin, kaempferol, morin, myricetin, apigenin and luteolin, were investigated using HPLC method. Lyophilized material of four varieties of Asian leafy vegetable from the cruciferous family was selected for analysis: Namenia, Sagami, Golden Lion and Tatsoi. All samples were grown in spring and autumn sowing period. Only two of the monitored aglycones, quercetin and kaempferol, were determined. The highest content of total quercetin was registered in the autumn sowing period of Namenia 1360 mg/kg of dry matter, the content of total kaempferol 1300 mg/kg of dry matter in the Golden Lion variety, also in autumn sowing period. After conversion to fresh mass, the highest concentrations of both aglycones were measured in Namenia during autumn sowing period. The amount of quercetin was determined to be 157 mg/kg of fresh weight, while the kaempferol content was 114 mg/kg of fresh weight.
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Invasiveness and hybridisation in evolution of closely related species
Gruntová, Martina ; Hojka, Jakub (advisor) ; Urfus, Tomáš (referee)
Plant invasiveness, or the extensive spreading of a plant species into new and non-native areas, is an important and frequently discussed process in botany, influenced by many internal and external factors that determine how a plant will spread and how successful will the spreading be. One of the important factors affecting the level of invasiveness is the ability to hybridise and also ability to become polyploids, because via those processes plants acquire genetic variation that can provide advantageous predispositions for their dispersal. Plants and their spreads are also influenced by external ecological factors, i.e. the environment in which they grow, other species sharing the same habitat, and e.g. climate change or human activity, which change the environmental characteristics and therefore also the areas of distribution. The aim of this thesis is to find links between hybridisation and the success of plant dispersal, and subsequent invasiveness (i.e. the spread of a plant in a non-native range), by using the genus Rorippa as a model. The Central European lineage of lowland species of the genus Rorippa represents a suitable group to study these processes due to the frequency of hybridisation, the variability of ploidy levels and the previously detected invasiveness of one of the species (R....
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Cardamine dentata, its distribution in Central Europe and relatinoship to C. pratensis
Holič, Filip ; Marhold, Karol (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
This thesis summarizes the documented information on the distribution of Cardamine dentata Schult. of the family Brassicaceae in the Czech Republic; it deals with the chromosome numbers and with ploidy levels of this species. Microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the potential relationships of C. dentata with other species of the group C. pratensis. Using a revision of available herbarium material it was found that the optimal conditions for the occurrence of C. dentata in the Czech Republic are in the phytogeographical regions of Thermophyticum and Mezophyticum at altitudes of 150-650 m a.s.l. No karyological data on this species were previously published from the area of the Czech Republic; using the flow cytometry and chromosomes counting it was revealed that in the area of the Czech Republic, populations with decaploid and undecaploid levels of ploidy occur. With help of microsatelite markers, it was confirmed that plants of C. dentata are genetically different from the other species of the C. pratensis group. Keywords: Cardamine, Cruciferae, microsatelite markers, chromosome numbers, geographical distribution, Czech Republic
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The mechanisms of pollen incompatibility in the Brassicaceae family
Šesták, Petr ; Fíla, Jan (advisor) ; Vosolsobě, Stanislav (referee)
Sporophytic incompatibility (SI) represents one of the systems by which angiosperms prevent pollination by their own pollen or by the pollen from a genetically related plant. It is mostly studied in the Brassicaceae family, mainly due to its agricultural importance. Another reason is that the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana belongs to this family. In the last three decades, advances in molecular biological methods enabled the characterization of a large part of the signalling cascade that leads to the rejection of incompatible pollen. Then, the functions of various cellular components (e.g. cytoskeleton, exocyst or proteasome) involved in the incompatible response to pollination are studied mainly by live cell microscopy. Last but not least, the function of SI under various abiotic stresses was described to reveal their influence on SI mechanisms. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to summarize the new discoveries characterizing the molecular mechanisms of SI in the Brassicaceae family, to describe the processes leading to the germination of compatible pollen grain and to characterize the newly described proteins involved in cellular signalling leading to the rejection of incompatible pollen.
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Studium rezistence perspektivních genotypů zelenin z čeledi Brassicaceae =: Study of the resistance of perspective vegetable genotypes from the Brassicaceae family /
Peňázová, Eliška
The topic of this thesis is focused on the testing of resistance of selected Brassica species to the black rot infection and viral mosaics caused by economically important pathogens of Brassicaceae family. The theoretical part describes characteristics of causal pathogens - Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), and summarize the current state of a resistance study of these pathogens in the Brassicaceae family. The thesis also describes modern molecular methods used for the detection of bacterial and viral pathogens. In the experimental part, the detections of Xcc, TuMV and TYMV pathogens were optimized by PCR and RT-PCR. For bacterium Xcc, the Real-time PCR targeting a part of the zur gene sequence was designed using a TaqMan® probe. This detection system was subsequently processed in the form of a certified methodology for use in diagnostics. To increase the specificity, Real-time PCR targeting zur gene was involved in the Multiplex Real time PCR reaction. Then the dynamics of the Xcc infection was monitored in 6 hybrid cabbage cultivars. The testing of resistance to the black rot disease was optimized by the procedure including artificial inoculations using the suspension of the Xcc isolates HRIW 3811, 3971A and 1279A and the SU1 isolate originated from the Czech Republic. In a four-year experiment, the total of 42 homozygous breeding lines and 4 hybrid cultivars were tested, where 5 lines were recommended for breeding for resistance to the black rot disease. For the detection of TuMV and TYMV viruses, Real-time RT-PCR approaches based on the TaqMan® probe and SYBR Green dye were tested. The target region of both detections was the coat protein. The TuMV detection has been optimized for SYBR Green approach; for the TYMV detection, the use of the TaqMan® probe has been recommended. Detection systems were used to evaluate artificial inoculations of 6 cabbage cultivars by individual viruses. The tested plants did not show visual symptoms of infection therefore the presence of viruses was evaluated by Real-time RT PCR. The system designed for TYMV detected the presence of virus in all tested samples, TuMV was detected only in two samples. Negative detection results are probably in connection with the absence of TuMV symptoms which indicates unsuccesful plant inoculation. For both detection systems, it was recommended the verification on a wider range of viral isolates prior to standard use in diagnostics
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Monitoring of biologically active substances in Asian vegetables from Brassicaceae family
SVOBODOVÁ, Martina
The Bachelor thesis is monitoring the content of polyphenolic substances in non-traditional leafy vegetables at different times of the year. Specific samples were experimentally studied, such as: green mustard (Brassica rapa var. komatsuna), red mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.), mizuna and mibuna (Brassica rapa ssp. Japonica (L.)). Although the samples are Asian leafy vegetables, they are now widely used in the Czech Republic and can be found both in the form of seeds and as leaves for consumption. Therefore, the issue of beneficial biologically active substances is topical. The phenolic group includes flavonoids that are easily available and their biological activity is also significant. Vegetables have antioxidant properties due to flavonoids, which prevent lipid peroxidation and eliminate free radicals. This property is also beneficial to humans, and therefore flavonoid substances are also used in medicine. They can prevent the emergence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease or atherosclerosis. Flavonoids are also attributed to preventive effects against cancer and diabetes mellitus. Samples of cruciferous leafy vegetables were grown in 2017 on the experimental plot of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice on the open area of the flowerbed in spring and autumn sowing. The high performance liquid chromatography method was used to measure the content of flavonoid substances. The following substances were studied in selected vegetables: myricetin, morin, luteolin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol. Unfortunately, myricetin, morin, luteolin and apigenin were not detected by HPLC. Concentrations of only quercetin and kaempferol were measured for final comparison with expert articles. The sowing time did not affect the measured contents quercetin and kaempferol in most of the samples. Only a specimen of Chinese red mustard from autumn sowing contained more biologically active substances.
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Cardamine dentata, its distribution in Central Europe and relatinoship to C. pratensis
Holič, Filip ; Marhold, Karol (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
This thesis summarizes the documented information on the distribution of Cardamine dentata Schult. of the family Brassicaceae in the Czech Republic; it deals with the chromosome numbers and with ploidy levels of this species. Microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the potential relationships of C. dentata with other species of the group C. pratensis. Using a revision of available herbarium material it was found that the optimal conditions for the occurrence of C. dentata in the Czech Republic are in the phytogeographical regions of Thermophyticum and Mezophyticum at altitudes of 150-650 m a.s.l. No karyological data on this species were previously published from the area of the Czech Republic; using the flow cytometry and chromosomes counting it was revealed that in the area of the Czech Republic, populations with decaploid and undecaploid levels of ploidy occur. With help of microsatelite markers, it was confirmed that plants of C. dentata are genetically different from the other species of the C. pratensis group. Keywords: Cardamine, Cruciferae, microsatelite markers, chromosome numbers, geographical distribution, Czech Republic
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Introgressive zone of Arabidopsis lyrata and A. arenosa in Central Europe
Hojka, Jakub ; Marhold, Karol (advisor) ; Španiel, Stanislav (referee)
Genetic composition of hybrid zones often reflects geographical and ecological gradients. Hybrid zone of Arabidopsis lyrata and A. arenosa in Central Europe can be convenient model system for testing such hypothesis. These are well circumscribed but still interfertile, and their offspring is fully fertile. Besides repeated hybridisation events, the current state is complicated by the autopolyploidisation events of one of the parents, namely A. lyrata, which is present in the area studied both as diploid and tetraploid. This hybrid zone was already described in previous publications, which showed certain gradient of introgression. Moreover, the area of the hybrid zone represents a transition between Alpine and Pannonian climate along an altitudinal gradient leading from the Prealps to the lowland Wienerwald. The current thesis is the as yet most detailed study of this hybrid zone both in respect of number of studied populations and the amount of data acquired using the methods of RAD Sequencing, multivariate morphometrics and flow cytometry. The analysis of genetic data showed a gradient of introgression, where parental populations are placed at opposite ends, whereas genetically intermediate hybrids are placed in its centre. Analysis of the genome size showed an additional gradient, where hybrids...
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