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Role of glial cells in pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases of the nervous system
Holásek, Michal ; Kriška, Ján (advisor) ; Pivoňková, Helena (referee)
Glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, NG2 glia, astrocytes, and microglia, play a major role in the homeostasis of the nervous system, including the myelin sheath maintenance. Enveloping myelin sheaths produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, provide a mechanical, isolating, and trophic support to the axons. Importantly, a disruption of a certain component or a dysregulation of a specific process may lead to the collapse and the loss of the myelin sheath, known as demyelination. Axonal demyelination is a pathological condition characteristic of different neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Charcot-Marie- Toth disease, or Lyme neuroborreliosis. Since, demyelinating diseases are still more prevalent in the population, a suitable and effective treatment is crucial for the patients. However, treatment is not available, which results from an insufficient understanding of pathological mechanisms, low permeability through the blood-brain barrier, and a limited regenerative capacity of the nervous system. Therefore, further research in the field of demyelinating diseases is necessary. Key words: oligodendrocyte precursor cell, oligodendrocyte, Schwann cell, myelination, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis,...
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Rehabilitation issues for patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Tyburcová, Marie ; Zumrová, Alena (advisor) ; Málková, Michaela (referee)
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a serious neurological disease with a variable progression, which can have permanent consequences for the patient, despite medical advances. An irreplaceable element of complex treatment is rehabilitation which has in recent years become a sophisticated preventative therapeutic method, mainly based on the study of plasticity and of the possibilities of brain regeneration. This work presents a comprehensive theoretical overview of our current knowledge of a relatively rare autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as current options and procedures for affecting the course of the disease and its consequences through physiotherapy. It was written based on the collection of theoretical data, questioning and observation of the physiotherapy of a patient with ADEM, who was hospitalised for five months in various wards of 2nd Faculty of Medicine in Prague. Physiotherapeutic procedures are divided and applied in both the theoretical and practical parts of the work according to the phase model. Theoretical knowledge, drawn from published case studies, as well as the course of the observed patient's disease and his following convalescence clearly illustrate that provided the timely commencement of intensive treatment and the continuation...
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