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The role of ghrelin in modulation of neuropathic pain
Komárková, Lucia ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Franěk, Miloslav (referee)
We are still unable to effectively suppress neuropathic pain, therefore it remains a serious problem. Ghrelin, the orexigenic hormone released by enteroendocrine stomach cells, could contribute to alleviation of the neuropathic pain by its antinociceptive effect. Previous studies have shown that ghrelin prevents development of nociceptive symptoms of neuropathic pain. The aim of our study was to determine whether chronic administration of ghrelin will affect the already fully developed neuropathic pain and differentiate its antinociceptive and analgesic effect. We used a model of chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. We have proven that ghrelin suppressed the already developed thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, so ghrelin not only prevents the development, but also suppresses the already developed nociceptive symptoms. However analgesia test showed that ghrelin did not affect the temperature preference, neither did induce the place preference. We suppose that ghrelin does not cause analgesia in neuropathic pain and its antinociceptive effect could be caused by anti- inflammatory or neuroprotective action. Key words: Ghrelin, neuropathic pain, chronic constriction injury, preference methods
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Methods using preference in pain research
Komárková, Lucia ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Mrózková, Petra (referee)
The thesis deals with neuropathic pain measurement in laboratory mice and rats. Neuropathic pain is characterized besides evoked allodynia and hyperalgesia also by spontaneous pain and anhedonia, further motivational-affective part of pain is highlighted. Traditional pain threshold testing is not appropriate method to measure these aspects of pain. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to describe preference methods in pain research. We focused on three methods - conditioned place preference, sucrose preference test and thermal place preference. The first mentioned method creates an association between pain relief and a specific place, which afterwards the animal prefers. The conditioned place preference can be used to detect spontaneous pain. Sucrose preference test monitors decrease in consumption of sugar water after exposure to chronic pain, which can be interpreted as a sign of depression, so thanks to this method we have the opportunity to explore the interaction between pain and depression. The thermal place preference method studies changes of preferences between the cold and hot plate after induction of pain or analgesics. The findings based on preference methods help us to examine all aspects of neuropathic pain and develop more options for pain treatment.
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Evaluation of short-term effect of Extracorporeal shockwave therapy into muscular trriger points.
Novák, Jan ; Čech, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Vaculín, Šimon (referee)
Diplomová práce Hodnocení krátkodobého efektu aplikace rázové vlny na MTrP Abstract This thesis concerns the application of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy into muscular trigger points. It's location is derived from the descending part of trapezius muscle on the side of the dominant upper extremity. The performance analysis is based on using partially double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. The effects of the therapy were investigated in 28 subjects divided into experimental and control groups and objectively manifested by measuring the pressure pain threshold. Furthermore, the measuring of the active range of motion of the cervical spine, and the measuring of the maximal voluntary wrist and third finger flexion (measured before and after the therapy). After the therapy, the pressure pain threshold value of the trigger point located in trapezius muscle increased on average from 199 to 295 kPa (p = 0,025). The cervical spine lateral flexion increased on average by 3 degrees towards to the side of non-dominant upper extremity (p = 0,045). This study also investigates the pressure pain threshold value changes of 7 reference points placed remotely from the area of the application. After the shockwave therapy, the pressure pain threshold values of these reference points increased on...
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Use of adrenergic receptor alpha2-agonists in pain treatment
Soláriková, Ivana ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Maršáková, Lenka (referee)
α2-adrenergic receptor agonists are adjuvant analgesics involved in the modulation and treatment of pain acting in the noradrenergic system. Binding of α2 agonists to receptors initiates a cascade of actions leading i.a. to antinociception. The most clinically applied analgesics of this type include clonidine, dexmedetomidine, and xylazine used in veterinary medicine. The ability to potentiate the effects of opioid and nonopioid analgesics and anesthetics leading to dose reduction is especially advantageous as it relieves unpleasant side effects associated with opioid use, and reduces the risk of tolerance development. They are effective in local anesthesia due to the peripheral site of action and do not cause characteristic, centrally mediated side effects of hemodynamic character. They are involved in the suppression of inflammatory response in the body by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Despite the wide range of action, α2 agonists appear to be safe in many different contraindications, such as sepsis, diabetes or pregnancy. Keywords: α2-adrenergic receptors, agonists, pain, analgesia, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, potentiation, adjuvant
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Behavioral expression of pain in rats
Zámečník, Jakub ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Boukalová, Štěpána (referee)
The aim of this work is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the behavioral expressions of pain in rat. The work is focused on rats, because they are one of the most used laboratory animals, and may experience pain in some experiments. Behavioral expressions of pain were selected, because they are quite easily recognizable and measurable. The reader will be first acquainted with the necessary basics associated with the phenomenon of pain, with its conception in animals, with classification, physiology and for example with the ways in which are in rats experimentally induced pain. Then in the second part, there are shown individual behavioral expressions with examples in which cases were these manifestations observed. So everyone who is interested can learn something about pain in connection with the avoidance reaction, pose, appearance, specific movements of rat, vocalization, changes in eating and drinking, changes in activity, anxiety, cognitive functions and many other expressions. The work can be valuable contribution for all workers with animals and with its character can contribute to animal welfare. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Effect of aging, season and temperature on pain threshold in laboratory rat
Vítková, Jana ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Špicarová, Diana (referee)
Every living creature meets with pain up to these days. Many researches are made in labour conditions, we try to find out how the pain works and how we can suppress it or how we can utilize it in our welfare. Our work is focused on the effect of aging, season, acclimatization and ambient temperature on thermal and mechanic pain threshold in laboratory rats. We were interested how these factors affect the results of the research. Adult male Wistar rats were used in all experiments. Thermal pain thresholds were measured by withdrawal reaction of three body sites: forelimbs, hind limbs and tail. Mechanic pain thresholds were measured by von Frey filaments and a skin temperature was measured by IR thermometer, both of three body sites. Our results demonstrate that : (i) aging have effect on nociceptive pain threshold; (ii) there is presence of cranio-caudal distribution of nociceptive sensitivity in aging and in changing of ambient temperature - forelimbs have lower latency than hind limbs; (iii) thermal pain threshold depends indirectly on ambient and skin temperature; (iv) there was no effect of repeated measurement on nociceptive thresholds of the three body sites; (v) hind limbs and tails are more sensitive to changes of ambient temperature than forepaws; (vi) mechanic pain threshold not change...
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Methods for measuring pain in animals
Štěrbová, Petra ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Nerandžič, Vladimír (referee)
Pain in animals was almost completely overlooked in the last years. It was assumed that animals do not suffer because they are not able to tell it anyway. In a recent time we know that it's not truth and the animals can physically feel pain as we do. This thesis is summarization of the basic knowledge about the pain measurement of animals. However, there are two different approaches to the measurement of pain. The first one is based on the threshold of pain, the another one observes changes in behavior. There have been number of animal models developed in order to pain detection. Exploration of the pain in animals can help us to clarify mechanisms and treatments for serious and chronic neuropathic pain. From an ethical point of view, it's almost impossible to expose a person to serious neuropathic injury for experimental purposes. Therefore, in these cases, the animals are commonly used. And besides this fact, nowadays animals represent a full member of the family for many people, so it is something like moral obligation for us to relieve a pain in animals.
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Physiological significance of pain
Zámostná, Kateřina ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Telenský, Petr (referee)
Pain is defined as a physiological process associated with negative emotional experience which warns our body about impending damage. Apart from neuropathic pain, which by definition has no purpose, pain in effect provides a defensive function. However, this role is already being fulfilled by a different mechanism - the defensive reflex, which is evolutionarily older. Therefore we can ask, whether pain is only an emotional experience attached to this reflex, or if it has its own functions. To determine the physiological purpose of pain a rare syndrome of congenital analgesia, characterized by complete absence of pain, will be used. Based on a comparison of clinical cases of the syndrome with a population without pain disorders individual functions of pain will be described and connected to the individual components of pain - sensory- discriminatiory and affective-motivational. The sensory-discriminatory component provides a defensive, diagnostic and an informative function. The defensive function is analogous to the defensive reflex. The informative function transmits information about a physiological process, where pain plays a key role - labour. Diagnostic function applies in medicine and is based on verbal description of the defensive function. Functions of the SD component are involved at the time of...
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Pain perception in elders
Vítková, Jana ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Telenský, Petr (referee)
The aging of the population is one of the problems of the current period. With increasing age, we have to deal with the accompanying phenomenon more and more - the pain which significantly inconveniences the life and makes normal integration of elderly people into society impossible. This bachelor thesis summarises the present knowledge of pain in elderly people. It addresses the mechanism of pain perception, physiology of aging and types of pain which occur in elderly people. Some types of pain are accompanying diseases which occur during old age - neuropathic, chronic and oncologic pains. The higher occurrence of these types of pain could be explained by the progressive degeneration of nerve system during aging, either due to demyelization and reduction of the number of nerve fibres or due to accumulation of free radicals in the organism. On the other hand, there are some types of pain which elderly people feel with lower intensity - visceral and postoperative pain. At the same time, the pain threshold is increasing in the elderly people. This paradox, i.e. on one hand higher occurrence of chronic pain at higher intensity and on the other hand reduction of visceral pain and postoperative pain could be explained by diffuse noxious inhibitory controls. The current knowledge of the pain in the elderly is...
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Joint configuration changes pressure pain threshold-centered and decentered position
Jevič, Filip ; Čech, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Vaculín, Šimon (referee)
The term "joint centration" is recently perceived primarily in its biomechanical context. This paper suggests a possible neurophysiological point of view and examines the effect of centered or decentered position on pressure pain treshold (PPT) of three muscles (m. temporalis, m. tibialis anterior, m. interosseus dorsalis I) in sitting and lying position, researched on healthy volunteers. PPT was measured in four randomly ordered positions with 49 people (21 women, 28 men). Significantly higher PPT was detected in all three muscles (p=0,001; 0,0016; 0,00009). In percent the PPT change resembles some of studies working with therapeutical techniques (mobilization, joint manipulation, exercise). Influence of higher postural position (sitting compared to lying down) on PPT was not proved. Cenetered joint position increases the PPT of healthy young adults compared to decentered position. This newly proved fact opens further possibilities of conceiving the key physiotherapeutical notion of "joint centration".
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