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Physiology and ecology of saprotrophic basidiomycetes degrading dead plant biomass
Valášková, Vendula ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee) ; Koukol, Ondřej (referee)
(in English) My theis is focused on soil saprotrophic basiďomycetes, their role in the decomposition of dead plarrt biomass and intera.tioÍts with other members of microbiď community since these fungi play a particularly important role in biotransformation of soil organic matter arrd thereíorealso in the cycling of carbon and mineral nutrients. Three litter.decomposing basiďomycete isolratď from Quelvts petrueo Íorat: Eypholotna tascicularc, Rhodocolly bi,a butgrnrca ard Ggrnnopn sp., efficiently degrarled oak litter unrler both sterile and nonsterile conditions, but the rate of degradation and lignocellulolytic enzyme produc- tion considerably diftbred among isolates. Geuerally, the degrarlation camed by these iso- lates resembled decay caused by whiterot fungi. The fungi produced a broad range of lignocellulose-degrading enzyme: laccase, Mn- peroxidase, endo-I,4-p glucanase, endo-l,4 d >rylanase,p-glucosidase and iJ-xylosidase. Saprotrophic basidiomycetes thus probably contribute to the observed spatial variability in extrarellular enzyme activities in the up per srril horizon in oak forest. Spatial differences in eDzymeactivities were accompanied by diffe.rencesin the microbial commutrity composition, the relative amount of fungal biomass decreased with soil depth. The vertical gradients in soil...
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Diversity and taxonomy of members of genus Geastrum in Central America
Zehnálek, Petr ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
In temperate zone, especially Europe and North America, is the genus Geastrum very well inspected group of Gasteromycetes with long lasting and comprehensive history of research. Our knowledge of the diversity in other areas of distribution, especially in tropics, is more than limited. The aim of this diploma thesis is to contribute for cognition of diversity of this genus in Panama, Costa Rica and Colombia I have collected 86 samples belonging to genus Geastrum during three expeditions to Panama (Chiriqué province) in the years 2015, 2016, 2017. I have characterized those based on morphological and molecular data. I have also studied morphology of 40 borrowed herbarium specimens from Costa Rica, Colombia and Panama. I have successfully sequenced four locuses of DNA from my own samples (ITS, LSU, RPB1 and ATP6). This method had lover efficiency in herbarium specimens due to present contaminations, age of specimens or probably badly stored. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out by Bayesian method and its results have in agreement with morphologic traits shown many lineages new for Panama and moreover at least four new species completely new to science. Variability in species complexes (e.g. G. lageniforme, G. saccatum, G. velutinum) is presented in more detail with emphasis to lineages...
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Diversity and taxonomy of Steccherinum in the Czech Republic
Geigerová, Tereza ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Borovička, Jan (referee)
This thesis deals with geographical distribution and taxonomy of Steccherinum genus in the Czech Republic. Members of this genus are corticioid fungi of Meruliaceae family, characterized by odontioid hymenophore, small spores and encrusted pseudocystidia. Presence of nine species was confirmed in Czech Republic on the basis of herbarium specimen revision and study of my own collections. Analysis of ITS and LSU nrDNA gene regions was used to create phylogenetic trees. These trees show relations in Steccherinum genus and related species. Selected traits in specimens of S. ochraceum s. l. (number of spines, their length, spore size and pseudocystidia size) were measured. This was followed by investigation of morphological variability in individual specimens and in relationship to ecological conditions (substrate and elevation). Morphology of selected individuals was compared with molecular data afterwards. Two clades were defined in S. ochraceum s. l. - existing differences between them are presumably caused by intraspecific genetic variability. S. rhois could not be separated as individual species on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. Dependence of fruiting body morphology on ecological conditions wasn't supported by results. Maps of geographic distribution of individual species of Steccherinum genus are...
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Diversity, distribution and phylogeny of members of the anamorphic genus Chalara
Seifertová, Petra ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Haňáčková, Zuzana (referee)
The genus Chalara includes anamorphic, microscopic species of fungi with a typical morphological structure of conidiogenous cell - a phialide with basal venter, long tubular collarette which is producing hyaline, cylindrical conidia. This feature is simple and in the evolution was developed several times. Species of the genus Chalara are associated with some teleomorphic species in subphylum Pezizomycotina, most of them in order Helotiales. The genus is dispersed all over the world and not prefer some special substrate or ecological requirements (from saprobes to parasites). The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to give an overview of diversity, substrate preferences of species, their position in a system and a recapitulation from the first phylogenetic opinions which were based on morphological features to nowadays perceptions with molecular data. Key words: phylogeny, Chaetochalara, Infundichalara, Xenochalara, teleomorph
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Diversity, phylogeny and ecology of members of the family Geastraceae
Zehnálek, Petr ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Kříž, Martin (referee)
The family Geastraceae is a group of Fungi with global distribution and with saprophytic manner of nutrition. Its members have basic characters of class Gasteromycetes, which no longer exists. The fruitbodies have angiocarpous morphology and peridia are well developer and very distinct in their functions. Star-shaped mature fruitbody is the most typical character of these interesting mushrooms. This bachelor's thesis deals with family Geastraceae. Its object is give a basic overview about the actual state of knowledge of this group of Fungi. It is group that is known from all continets besides from Antarctica. The members of family Geastraceae are saprophytes and they are found in different forest and non-forest habitats. The members of this familia are characterized by their morphology with a special terms and it will be described in details. Other aim is a recapitulation historical development family Geastraceae in system of Basidiomycota. Several recent molecular phylogenetic studies brought some new surprising knowledges about taxonomy of the family Geastraceae and the membership of some genera was questioned.
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Physiology of Serpula lacrymans
Švec, Karel ; Gabriel, Jiří (advisor) ; Koukol, Ondřej (referee)
Serpula lacrymans, the causative agent of dry rot indoor wood decay, is the most common Basidiomycete found in buildings. From the viewpoint of economic loss and destructiveness it is the one of the most important fungus worldwide. S. lacrymans is able to fastly colonize substrate by rapid mycelial spread and effectively decompose it. Despite the fact, that the physiology of this fungus has been studied for more then 100 years, efficient approach for efective defense does not exist. However, the prevention and effort to keep the house enviroment dry still seems to be the best option. This thesis is a survey of a recent knowledge of S. lacrymans physiology and up-to-date technologies used in the remediation of affected buildings. key words: Serpula lacrymans, fungal physiology, rhizomorphs, remediation, wood construction, hot air, microwaves, fungicides
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The effect of secondary metabolites (essential oils) on endophytic fungi from leaves of Rhododendron tomentosum
Koudelková, Barbora ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Žabka, Martin (referee)
Rhododendron tomentosum is an evergreen shrub with a high content of secondary metabolites, particularly essential oils with antimicrobial effects. Diversity of endophytic fungi in this species and their possible adaptation to growth in the essential oil environment is not much explored. Therefore, the first aim of this thesis was to reveal the diversity of endophytic fungi colonising leaves of R. tomentosum on seven localities in the Czech Republic and one in Estonia. I isolated and determined (using comparison of ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA with the sequences from GenBank and morphological signs) 37 species of endophytic fungi. Among them the ubiquitous species colonising the most of the plants as endophytes were dominant. The second aim of my thesis was to explore whether the essential oil from R. tomentosum influences its endophytic fungi. The hypothesis that the strains obtained from R. tomentosum would be adapted to growth in the environment of the essential oil was postulated. I supposed that they would grow better on mediums with different concentrations of these chemical compounds added, in comparison with strains of the same species obtained from different substrates. Within four of seven species tested, the strains obtained from R. tomentosum grew better, but also on the medium without the...
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Hyaloscyphaceae - current view on phylogeny and diverzity
Bundová, Kateřina ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Šandová, Markéta (referee)
The family Hyaloscyphaceae (Helotiales) includes microscopic species of fungi characterized by sessile apothecium with excipular hairs; these hairs are very important in taxonomy of the group. Most species of the family are saprobes and these saprobic species grow on herbaceous or woody litter, most often they grow on fallen needles, cones and stems of coniferous wood. Distribution of the family is cosmopolitan and has center of occurence in temperate and boreal forests, however members of the family also occur in tropic and subtropic forests. This family is probably a polyphyletic group of several lineages and needs to be analyzed further. The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to organize and compare the views on phylogeny of Hyaloscyphaceae, from the first morphological studies until the current molecular studies, and then to summarize all the genera of fungi which belong to this family. And to describe ecological and species diversity.
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Distribution and importance of invasive pathogen Cryptostroma corticale on Acer pseudoplatanus in Prague
Kelnarová, Ivana ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Sumíková, Taťána (referee)
Sooty bark disease (SBD) caused by pathogen Cryptostroma corticale is one of the current risks to the population of sycamores in Europe. A few dozen individuals were fallen death due to sooty bark disease from the first record in Prague in 2005. However a higher rate of infection in a latent non-symptomatic stage can be assumed. The main goal of the thesis was to quantify the extent of infection C. corticale in Prague on the basis of early detection in tissues of symptomless trees and identify its environmental requirements and stress factors conditioning the progression of the disease. Another goal was to predict the risk for Prague's population of sycamore based on obtained data and identify other vulnerable sites in Prague. A secondary aim was to assess the spectrum of fungi inhabiting xylem of sycamore. Tissue samples collected with an increment borer were subjected to: a) isolation of cultivable fungi on malt agar and b) detection of the DNA C. corticale based on nested PCR with species- specific primers. Latent infection was detected in 28 of the cores. Of 27 positive detections with primer specific nested PCR 10 were supported by isolation of C. corticale on agar plates. Only in one case positive isolation of C. corticale on agar plate was not confirmed by nested PCR. Occurrence of C....
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Molecular biology of soil fungi participating in litter decomposition in forest ecosystems
Voříšková, Jana ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee) ; Koukol, Ondřej (referee)
In forest ecosystems, substantial part of carbon enters soil in the form of plant litter. The decomposition of litter and soil organic matter represents an important process affecting nutrient cycling and carbon balance in soils. Fungi are considered the primary decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems due to the production of wide range of extracellular enzymes that allow them to attack the lignocellulose matrix in litter. Even if fungi represent key players in organic matter decomposition, the information about the structure and diversity of their communities is still limited and the roles of individual fungal taxa in forest soils remain unclear. This Ph.D. thesis focused on the characterization of fungal communities in forest soils and their potential to decompose plant litter. The method for in-depth analysis of complex microbial communities from environmental samples was established and used. In addition, single eukaryotic functional gene was analysed in soil for the first time at a depth that allowed reliable estimation of diversity. It was demonstrated that microbial community composition differs among horizons of forest soil profile. Despite similar diversity, significant differences in microbial community composition were observed between the DNA and RNA. Several microbial groups highly...
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