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International legal protection of refugees and the role of the UNHCR
Záhorková, Lenka ; Honusková, Věra (advisor) ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (referee)
Po krátkém historickém přehledu se věnuji především otázce, kdo je z hlediska mezinárodního práva uprchlíkem, jak se jím stává a jak se posuzují jednotlivá kritéria k udílení statusu uprchlíka, tedy otázce, která je vůbec předpokladem pro to, aby určitá osoba mohla požívat mezinárodní ochrany. Vysvětluji jednotlivé pojmy definice uprchlíka zachycené v Úmluvě z roku 1951 v souvislosti se závěry Výkonného výboru UNHCR, Příručkou postupů a kritérií UNHCR pro určování právního postavení uprchlíků a následná Doporučení v oblasti mezinárodní ochrany vydaná UNHCR. Tyto dokumenty nabízejí vodítko pro výklad a aplikaci Úmluvy z roku 1951 a měly i značný vliv na koncipování textu Kvalifikační směrnice. Současně jsem se snažila poukázat na určité mezery této specifické úpravy. Dále především srovnávám definice uprchlíka v Úmluvě o právním postavení uprchlíků z roku 1951 a definice uprchlíka v tzv. Kvalifikační směrnici a postoji UNHCR k této směrnici. A v poslední kapitole popisuji funkci UNHCR v mezinárodní ochraně uprchlíků. Cílem této práce je tedy všeobecné uvedení do uprchlické problematiky a to jak v univerzální rovině tak v rovině evropské a funkci UNHCR v mezinárodněprávní ochraně uprchlíků. Zvýšit tak obecné povědomí o mezinárodním chápání uprchlického problému a toto chápání dále prohlubovat ve prospěch...
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European standard of the international protection of women's rights
Svinková, Barbora ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Honusková, Věra (referee)
Záv r Hlavním cílem práce bylo prozkoumat stávající mezinárodní úpravu související s ochranou práv žen, zhodnotit její dostate nost a p ípadn též poukázat na její mezery. Na záv r lze konstatovat, že hlavní cíl práce, tak jak byl definován v úvodu, byl spln n. Poda ilo se celistv uchopit sou asnou mezinárodní úpravu poskytující ženám ochranu v r zných odv tvích života. V úvodu práce byla provedena deskripce historického vývoje ochrany ženských práv, která je d ležitá pro pochopení sou asného stavu, a následn byla popsána specifická situace v jednotlivých obdobích našich d jin. Poukázáno bylo zejména na rozli né postavení ženy v r zných spole nostech, které však až na výjimky bylo vždy nižší než postavení muže. Pro znázorn ní jsem uvedla n která konkrétní práva žen ve vybraných spole nostech a naopak poukázala na práva, která byla ženám odpírána. Zajímavými jsou také samotný pojem a problematika ženských práv i d vody pot eby speciální ochrany, jež jsou rozebrány v druhé kapitole téže ásti. Následn práce poukázuje na jednotlivé mezinárodní dokumenty týkající se ženských práv, a to jak universální dokumenty o lidských právech a dokumenty evropské, tak dokumenty ur ené specificky ženám, jež jsou uvedeny v jejich historickém kontextu a rozd leny podle jednotlivých aspekt ochrany. Zabývala jsem se jak úpravou...
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International legal protection of refugees and the role of the UNHCR
Záhorková, Lenka ; Honusková, Věra (advisor) ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (referee)
A refugee is a human being who has had to take care the most difficult decision ever-to cut his roots.Move. Sometimes out of blind far because his life was in Langer, on the other occasio ns because he simply could not breathe intellectually. We do not have to list the scores of reasons man has had and will have for reaching this decision. Newspapers, radio and television have ilustrated them for decades and ther will be new sad stories in the futures. Because people are what they are. This world develops refugee problems. We help to solve them in a practical and cocncrete manner. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees acts on behalf of uprooted people. As a rule it concerns itself with those who are outsider thein former country and do not enjoy its protection for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. These people are, chat we call-mandate refugees. They are entitled to UNHCRs protection irrespective of thein geographical location.
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Targeted liquidations as a means of fight against terrorism
Peterová, Jana ; Honusková, Věra (advisor) ; Scheu, Harald Christian (referee)
Within the fight against terrorism, conflicts may arise between the interest of the state to maximize the effectiveness of methods of combating terrorism and the international standard of human rights. One of the methods that some states carry out to combat terrorism is targeted killing. Legitimate effort of states to suppress terrorism and may not lead to violations of human rights. The thesis aims to answer the question: "Is targeted killing a permissible method of combating terrorism, in terms of the lex lata of human rights law, humanitarian law and rules for the use of force between states?" Regarding the methodology of the thesis I was inspired by the books: "Vědecká propedeutika pro právníky" by Viktor Knapp," Metodologie vědy" by František Ochrana and "Jak studovat politiku" by Peter Drulák. The thesis consists of four chapters. The objective of the first chapter is descriptive. The first chapter should clarify the terminology and content of key concepts. The content of the second chapter is an analysis of the legality of targeted killings under human rights law. The third chapter examines the conditions of legality of targeted killings in humanitarian law. Chapter Four deals with the admissibility of targeted killings in the light of law of interstate force. Through an analysis of...
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Definition of a refugee under international law
Burová, Petra ; Honusková, Věra (advisor) ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (referee)
Refugee definition in international law The definition of the term "refugee" in international law is a very wide issue which can be conceived from many different points of view. One of the best ways how to deal with it is to focus on only one part of the generally most widely accepted definition of a refugee. This is the definition according to the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. According to this document a refugee is a person who "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country..." This definition is more than fifty years old and still actual. It has been adopted in response to the Second World War and the mass refugee flood. The missing interpretation of the term "persecution", which is the fundamental element of the Geneva Convention refugee definition, is still one of the biggest problems of refugee law. The aim of my thesis is to find out whether the missing definition of the term "persecution" is really such a serious imperfection as it is brought out sometimes. I try to answer this question through researching the...
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The application of the non-refoulement principle at sea
Flídrová, Eliška ; Honusková, Věra (advisor) ; Scheu, Harald Christian (referee)
in English - The application of the non-refoulement principle at sea The aim of my thesis is to analyse how one of very important principles of the international law- the non-refoulement principle is applied at sea and what questions should the states bound by this principle ask in order to apply it properly. The thesis itself is composed of three main chapters. Chapter One deals with the non-refoulement in general and defines its content and how this principle is enshrined in international and regional documents. I also examine what are the aspects of the prohibition of refoulement in customary law and whether can it be at present considered as Customary International Law or not. In Chapter Two the excursion into Maritime Law occurs and also indispensable definition of individual maritime zones of Internal Waters, Territorial Waters, Contiguous Zone and High Seas is provided. In this chapter I also focus on the possible application of the non- refoulement outside the state's territory, i.e. its extraterritorial impact. Last but not least in regard to the operations held at sea it is necessary to define their character and different rights and duties arising from them. Subchapters deal with the "search and rescue" and also with the maritime interdiction programs issues whereas the Tampa case and...
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The status and role of new human rights in international law
Kalenská, Petra ; Honusková, Věra (advisor) ; Bílková, Veronika (referee)
Status and Role of New Human Rights in International Law This diploma thesis compares three methods which have been used so far in the creation of new human rights in international law. The first chapter establishes the theory of the creation of new human rights in international law. It is claimed that all new human rights have been created by one of the following three methods: the adoption of an international treaty; the interpretation of an internetional treaty; or the adoption of a declaration. The second chapter provides definitions of a notion of human rights and determines a notion of new human rights as those rights which are not expressed in the International Bill of Human Rights. The distinction of human rights by generations is rejected. The third chapter summarizes the sources of international human rights law, which are international treaties, international custom and general principles of international law. Further, the third chapter shows the significance of peremptory norms and soft law instruments for international human rights. The fourth chapter deals with the first method of creating new human rights, i.e. adoption of international treaty. This method is presented through the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the right to live in community. The formulation...
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The universalism of human rights in the light of plurality of cultural value patterns in Africa
Guindon, Ľubica ; Hýbnerová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Honusková, Věra (referee)
Ľubica Guindon :Universalism of Human Rights in the Light of pluralism of African cultural values The purpose of this thesis is to analyze actual discourse in international law terms about universal or culturally determined characters of human rights. This theoretical problem is introduced with the focus on legal qualification of female circumcision (FC/ FGM ) in international human rights protection. The study goes beyond the scope of international law and reaches cross-disciplinary analysis related to the African context and its cultural, political and social factors. Chapter One addresses the theoretical issues of the notion of human rights, its sources and models in international law. This passage challenges an African approach to human rights bills including a catalogue of individual duties towards family, state and society as a whole. This concern about collective identity of a person within his or her community is a very important feature of African understanding of human rights and human dignity, and can enrich the universal consensus in this field. Within the theoretical issues of the international human rights protection it is necessary to look at the global, regional and local dimension of legal regulation. The most influential strategies on the global level are universal treaties with...
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