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Rupert Sheldrake and scientific controversy
Hrouda, Jan ; Holeček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Balon, Jan (referee)
Closer look on scientific controversies points at the limits of contemporary thinking and scientific understanding of the world. It places knowledge into a historical context and opens up the question of dominant paradigms. This text discusses the social and historical conditions of scientific controversy aroused by Rupert Sheldrake's hypothesis of morphic resonance. In the first part we summarize relevant findings of sociology of science, opinions of a character of controversies and consensus in science. Next follows analysis of the controversy. Hypothesis itself is introduced, along with reactions it generated among collegues. In these texts we focus on statements referring to paradigm or more generally to discourse. Then we trace origins of this discourse to elucidate its historical conditionality, its "weight" and power, but also changes it has gone through. In the final part we discuss the difficulties related to overstepping a paradigm/discourse, linked with socially constructed concepts of space, time, matter and causality inherent in paradigms and discourses.
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Semantics of prescriptive discourse and language games
Kuklíková, Kateřina ; Holeček, Tomáš (referee) ; Svoboda, Vladimír (advisor)
The main theme of this thesis is prescriptive sentences and their usage within language games. At the beginning, the thesis defines the range of analyzed sentences and presents a possible approach to their semantic analysis. Subsequently, the terms "Language Game" and "Score" are introduced and followed by illustrative examples. Moreover, the thesis describes one selected prescriptive language game in detail, analyses and evaluates the presented model. Furthermore, alternative approaches to solving of problems related to analysis of prescriptive language games are also put forward. The final part of this thesis summarizes the perspectives on this field of research.
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Possibilistic logic and the philosophy of David Hume
Vondráčková, Lucie ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Holeček, Tomáš (advisor)
This paper presents an enquiry in to possibilistic logic and Hume's philosophy ofAn Enquiry Concerning Hwnan Understanding. As far as being a tool for reasoning under uncertainty possibilistic logic seems to be an appropriate model for empirie theory of tt·utlL However, as we sec the possibilistic conscquence as customary transition, the possibilistic logic's ability to claim that classical flrst-order closed formula cannot be proved ceases to exist. Moreover, the possibilistic semantics coping with inconsistency becomes from this point of view senseless.
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