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Relationship between body condition and production traits in cattle
Smolíková, Barbora ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
This thesis summarizes findings from research on influence of the body condition on production traits in cattle. The body condition is indirect indicator of negative energy balance and it has informational character about overall conformation of a cow. Managing body condition allows to influencing production traits. Lower body condition score is associated with higher milk yield, though the content of milk components (fat, protein, lactose) is in positive correlation with higher body condition. This is reflected especially in high yielding cows that have low body condition and high milk production, but problems with reproduction. Mature size, muscularity and fertility positive correlate with body condition. Increasing body condition improves reproductive performance. Particularly open days seem to be a great indicator of total herd fertility. Too thin or fat cows have lower efficiency. However it is necessary look out body condition more in thin cows, where worse efficiency is more shown and health problems threaten.
Results of studies indicate that it is possible to use body condition score as selection criteria for indirect improvement of some traits. Optimal body condition can improve economic viability of cattle breeding.
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Genetic analysis of milk production
Nosková, Adéla ; Vostrý, Luboš (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
Holstein breed is the most popular dairy cattle in the world. Its milk yield has been increased near 200 % during last decades. The reason is beside a nourishment, a breeding environment and a selection goal. Using of Animal Model in estimating of genetic parameters is spread over the world but different effects are applied.
The thesis analyses milk production, influences effect on it and its genetic part. The main attention is given production traits such as milk, fat and protein yield and fat and protein percentage. One part is containing molecular methods in genetics using in selection in dairy cattle.
There were chosen some countries and analyse their methods in estimation of genetic parameters, their selection and production indexes. It includes the Czech republic, Canada, the USA, Scandinavia and the Netherlands.
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The symptoms of Inbreeding depression in cattle
Kočková, Eva ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Vostrý, Luboš (referee)
In this work there was summarized knowledge about inbreeding and its influence on traits in cattle. Negative impacts of using this breeding are called an inbreeding depression and its noxiousness is different regarding the traits. Focus was given on economic impact which could inflict inbreeding depression.
This work also focuses on monitoring changes of inbreeding levels in individual population. In the last decades there was found an increase of inbreeding coefficient which is the result of intenzive selective breeding and using insemination. If this increase of inbreeding still persists, inbreeding depression will be a tremendous issue in the future.
All the authors of scientific works agreed on negative impact of inbreeding on production properties in cattle but the size of this impact and its consequences are considerably different due to individual attributes. The one of the biggest negative impacts which can have an influence on the economy of the breeding, appear in milk yeild (reduction of about 20 - 30 kg on 1 % of inbreeding coefficient), calving interval, age of first calving and days from calving to first insemination. Negligible negative result was found regarding the traits of meat production which does not have significant influence on economy of breeding. Inbreeding also has a minimal effect on the somatic cell score, but still increase the likelihood of developing mastitis in animals inbred compared to noninbred. Mastitis is considered as a serious diseases because of it could be a negative factor on economy of breeding.
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The negative effects of inbreeding in wild animals
Podhajecká, Iva ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Vostrý, Luboš (referee)
This bachelor thesis first explains the term of inbreeding itself, it also presents various definitions and patterns of inbreeding, that allow to determine the degree of inbreeding in an individual. Then it describes ways, in which inbreeding impacts population allele frequency and other effects influencing populations (e.g. Bottle-neck Effect, Founder Effect or Genetic Drift). Inbreeding is undesireable in nature, because it leads to inbreeding depression. That manifests itself by decreasing individuals fitness, which then has a substantial impact on populations dynamics. Main part of the thesis is then focused on wild populations of birds and mammals. The degree of inbreeding is most commonly assessed by pedigree analysis. That is a highly demanding method, as it requires a longterm population observation in the field and, in many cases, also tissue collection for genetic analysis. The last step is represented by thorough statistical analysis, allowing to determine kinship in population as precisely as possible. Based on pedigree, we can calculate coefficient of inbreeding 'F', which then allows us to determine the extent of inbreeding depression. The last part of the thesis describes effects of inbreeding on offspring fitness, reproductive success and immunity in avian and mammal populations. As each of the populations has different specifics, the base characteristics of a particular population are described first and then the impacts of inbreeding on individual fitness indicators are presented. As opposed to populations living in captivity, wild populations are adversely affected by other factors, mainly environmental, that can deepen inbreeding depression. Studies dealing with these issues are therefore extremely important, as their findings can be applied into improving of management and conservation of endangered species.
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Reintroduction of giant carnivores in Europe
Říhová, Žofie ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Čapková, Zuzana (referee)
The goal of bachelors thesis on the topic of Reintroduction of Large Carnivores in Europe is to describe current situation in the Czech Republic and other European countries in the matter of occurrence of such animals in comparison to their population in the past. These lands are home to large carnivores such as Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx), Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) and Brown Bear (Ursus arctos).
Furthermore, it is focused on the influence of human activity on the areas of migration of large carnivores. It contains description of the environment and the major causes of reduction in numbers, mentioning the possibilities of protection of their population and options for their return in to wilderness. The thesis includes current success rate of the reintroduction and future goals of the reintroduction programs in the Czech Republic and neighboring European countries.
Next chapter explains the problematic landscape fragmentation and highlights the importance of preservation of the landscape connectivity, mainly its penetrability. Both topics are crucial factors in conservation and sustainability of large carnivore populations. Moreover, it defines locations of the most important migratory corridors in the Czech Republic and their connection to the neighboring states. Procedure to locate these corridors leads to a description of possible biomonitoring methods of the mentioned species based on the occurrence of their footprints, excrements, territory markings and prey remains.
Lastly, the thesis describes the creation of habitat models of large carnivores together with step-by-step instructions. Habitat models serve to determine locations suitable for permanent or temporary residence of examined species, consequently making the selection of the acceptable areas for their reintroduction easier. Resulting models for Czech Republic and neighboring countries can be found in the appendix.
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Genetic determination of coat color in Border Collie
Hronová, Michaela ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Fiala Šebková, Naděžda (referee)
This bachelor thesis should serve as literature review or better say as scholarly introduction to genetic determination of fur in dgo with focusing on Border Collie breed. The thesis itself is divided to several parts. First on eis trying to introduce main pigment types synthesis, then an overview of genes affecting coat color in dogs is given. Next article is determined to versatile use of Border Collies and basic informations on the status of this breed in the Czech Republic. The last part is focused on fur color related genetic diseases. Thanks to the ongoing research of this field, I used some geneticly unverified sources.
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Genomics in Thoroughbred breeding
Větvičková, Veronika ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
Bachelor work describes the overview of the genomics method in Thoroughbred breeding. This work is summarizes the characteristics of the breed, to what they had previously used and what is its optimum inclusion today. Its the methods, that are, used for breeding and optimal classification in the race, gaining the keepers of very valuable information about whether their horses have the opportunity to achieve optimal racing properties. Breeders have these methods, the ability to customize your breeding and subsequent training.
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