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Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in the Light of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
Smiešková, Kornélia ; Hill, James (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee)
The point of departure for the bachelor's work is the thesis that there is a certain paralel between Wittgenstein's early philosophy as it is presented in his work Tractatus and Kant's transcendental idealism. Wittgenstein's thesis that logic (and also philosophy) cannot be explicative and that it must take care of itself is based on a difference between factual and conceptual examination. This difference refers to empirical and transcendental use of concepts in Kant who claims that the knowledge of reality can be achieved only within our experience, through concepts that relate to the objects of experiential world. The aim of our work is to examine the above mentioned thesis and compare relevant parts of the main works by Kant and Wittgenstein (Tractatus logico - philosophicus, The Critique of Pure Reason) and focus on substantial parallels, possible connections but also differences, therefore the aim of the work is to examine the content not historical circumstances. The introductory parts will explain the concept of transcendental idealism, and the analysis of primary texts will follow, while the focus will be given to Tractatus and it will be put in context mainly with Kant's transcendental dialectics. Our procedure leads a dialogue with secondary literature.
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Transcending egoism through utilitarianism
Vaškovic, Petr ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
This bachelor's thesis transcending egoism through utilitarianism deals with the problem of egoism in connection to moral acts, especially in connection to the motivation of moral action. Main focus of the thesis is on the problem of egoism, which seems to be one of the main motivating powers, usually negative, that is preventing individual from following his moral judgment. Transcending the negative influence of egoism is possible through adopting a certain impersonal viewpoint. This tendency, namely the aspiration to achieve an impersonal viewpoint can be found in utilitarianism. Utilitarianism in its foundations works with an Epicurean, therefore more or less egoistically hedonistic view of morality, with a tendency of an individual to follow pleasure and avoid pain. Impersonal character of utilitarianism, that aspect of utilitarianism, which is capable of transcending egoism, is the aspect which will be most important for this thesis. The ability of utilitarianism to transcend the personal viewpoint will be the core of the argument, which will help us in transcending egoism. Keywords Ethics, egoism, motivation, utilitarianism, Bentham, Mill, Scheffler, Hare
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Material world in the system of pre-established harmony
Kožíšek, Jakub ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
In my thesis I will be engaged in Leibniz's conception of material world in the system of pre-established harmony. In Leibniz's philosophy bodies exist at least on two different levels of reality. We can think of them as aggregates of simple, not extended substances - monads, or on phenomenal level, as well founded phenomena, which are only representations of monads. My primary aim is to examine, how these two conceptions of material world connected are.
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The concept of mind at the beginning of modern philosophy
Kadlec, David ; Hill, James (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
The essay concerns itself with the concept of mind in John Locke's and René Descartes' philosophy. The main focus lies on the abilities of human soul, that is understanding and will, and its ontological properties. The work tackles questions regarding personal identity, freedom of will, and the kind of substance that a mind is. Both systems are, after their introduction, critically examined, and their strengths and weaknesses are compared. The difference between both philosophers crystallizes towards the end of the piece in their view on the immateriality or materiality of mind. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Reality as Self, Thing and Their Relation
Jahoda, Lukáš ; Hill, James (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
The meaning of this work is to grasp the development of early-modern philosophy into "modern" philosophy on the basis of the subject-object issue, which is considered and demonstrated as ontologically entirely fundamental. The expression of this development is illustrated for reason of deeper clarification of the sense and meaning of modern philosophy. The ontology of early-modern philosophy is essentially determined through the categories of subject and object, self and thing. The most universal nature of this ontology is based on object of reality fixation which is self, thing, or both. The notions of self and thing are in this work introduced in their totality through the extreme positions of two early-modern philosophers. The demonstration of the extreme philosophy of the subject is Berkeley. The demonstration of the extreme philosophy of the object is Spinoza. On the basis of explication of their ontology is explicated the universal nature of early-modern ontology. The end of early-modern ontology and its transition into "modern" ontology happens through the reconstruction of the subject-object figure. The author of this reconstruction is Hegel. Reality is now placed neither into the subject neither into the object, but into their mutual relation.
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Fictionalism in law and morality
Janeček, Václav ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the theory of fictionalism concerning particularly morality and law. In the first section author makes explicit the difference between cognitivism and noncognitivism. Then he shows in the domain of morality what could be the deficiencies of these two theories. He argues that this possible weakness is caused by insufficient analyses of morality. The nature of morality is in fact ambiguous and this feature, given that our meta- ethic theory is to be serious, leads us to fictionalism. Fictionalism as a distinctive philosophical theory has its precedents. The most notable ones come from morality. The whole fourth chapter focuses on moral fictionalism which is to be understood as so called noncognitive factualism. Author tells us what the cons of this theory are. Within the last section we will see the analogy between morality and law which can be interpreted as fictionalism in law.
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The legacy of philosophical behaviourism: the concept of mind without minds
Soutor, Milan ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
The epistemological problem of unity and its development in the philosophy of Bertrand Russell is the main subject of this essay. The first chapter is devoted to naïve realism developed by G. E. Moore and adopted by early Russell. I explain the notion of objective unity of proposition. The second chapter concerns Russell's departure from naïve realism and the multiple relation of judgment which Wittgenstein's criticism rendered as fatally unable to handle the problem of synthetic unity. The breakdown of this theory led Russell to naturalism, which is the topic of the last chapter. I pay special attention to the regressive argument proposed in slightly different versions by Moore, L. Wittgenstein and G. Ryle. Keywords realism, neutral monism, behaviorism, unity, consciousness
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Vinculum substantiale
Kohout, Ondřej ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
In my bachelor's thesis, I focus on the hypothesis of a substantial bond ("vinculum substantiale") in Leibniz's later philosophy. I discuss the whole conception of a substance - main definitions and necessary implications, which have crucial importance for my thesis. After this ontological exposition, I continue with the interpretation of the Christian's mystery of the Eucharist. This one is very important for my thesis because the substantial bond was also meant to solve the problem of the transubstantiation. After these preliminary discussions, I try to show the most important aspects and interpretations of the substantial bond. The outcome of my thesis is a thorough explanation of this hypothesis.
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