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Environmental aspects of wastewater treatment and reuse in nature based technologies
Šereš, Michal ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Uhlík, Ondřej (referee) ; Hanč, Aleš (referee)
In recent years, the issue of appropriate and efficient approaches to wastewater management and its potential reuse has become increasingly important in view of the geographical conditions of Central Europe, where, until recently, the problems associated with climate change and drought may not have seemed so pressing at first sight. Increasingly, so-called nature-based water management solutions, which help to both clean the water and retain it in the landscape, are being proposed. In drier, especially arid areas, this topic has been under discussion for many years and several examples of larger-scale applications are available. In the Czech Republic, on the other hand, mainly pilot applications only have been considered to date. However, the potential of nature-based solutions such as constructed wetlands, denitrification bioreactors, artificial wetlands and so-called reed bed units, is considerable. The advantages lie mainly in the robustness of these systems and their ability to mimic and intensify the natural water purification processes that occur in nature. They can be applied to waters contaminated with common fecal pollution or with higher nutrient content, as well as to waters contaminated with various types of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, hormonally-active substances and...
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Influence of bioeffectors application on phosphorus availability in substrate and on tomato yields
Beranová, Martina ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Hanč, Aleš (referee)
In the past few years, the Czech Republic has been trying to increase the input of plant available phosphorus (P) due to the increasing its bioavailability in soil. From the point of view agriculture properties we can say that there is only little amount of readily available P in soil. Plants are unable to take up phosphorus sufficiently, which is mainly due to the fact it is part of various less soluble soil compounds. Therefore, there are new technologies aiming to make P more plant available. One of these technologies are so called Bioeffectors
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to increase the plant available phosphorus content in soil due to the bioeffectors application and therefore increasing tomato yield and quality.
The bioefectors used contained the following microorganisms: Trichoderma harzianum, strain T22, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain FZB42 (RhizoVital), Pseudomonas sp. (pProradix) and a combination of Trichoderma harzianum with Bacillus subtilis with Zn and Mn added (CombiFector). The plant height, above ground biomass yields, tomato fruit yields and the contents of selected macro and micronutrients in soil (bioavailable form) and tomatoes fruit (total form) were estimated.
From the results is clear that: a) in the majority of monitored parameters, significant differences between treatments were not observed; b) Trichoderma treatment, in comparison to the Proradix showed significantly higher Mg content in soil, but only at the significance level 0.05; c) the total content of sulfur in the tomato fruit at the Trichoderma treatment was significantly lower in comparison with the Proradix and Combifector variations, and that at a significance level of 0.01.
In conclusion, it is possible to state that the application of bioeffectors, in the majority of cases, did not lead to significant changes of studied parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new strategies that effectively increase the availability of phosphorus contained in soils and applied fertilizers. Therefore, it is possible to suggest further testing of bioeffectors in particular for further research in soils with varied characteristics and deeper microbiological analysis serving to understand the mechanisms of effectiveness and determine the viability of the products.
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Extracts from vermicomposts produced under different conditions
Kahanec, Julius ; Hanč, Aleš (advisor) ; Pavel, Pavel (referee)
The main purpose of this study was to determine if aeration and extraction time influence on the properties of extracts produced under different conditions.
The leachates for our experiment were obtained from five different kinds of vermicompost (from horse manure, digestate, marc, apple pomace and from kitchen waste). Has always been prepared 1kg of vermikompost and using special extraction equipment for leaching in 9 liters of water. Attempt always proceeded 48 hours and at predetermined intervals, were taken control samples. Every 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h. The leachates were prepared in two variants. The first variant was without aeration at a constant temperature 30 °C and stirring 750 rpm. The second variant was with aeration at a constant temperature 30 °C and stirring 750 rpm.
In this work we are evaluated in terms of leachate contents of ammonium nitrogen(N-NH4+), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Analytical equipment placed on the apparatus measured the remaining variables evaluated in this work - pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen.
The leachates produced with aeration generally reached higher values than the leachates produced without aeration. This difference was only 6%. The highest increase during exgraction was the ammonium nitrogen in a variant with aeration. Other endpoints were higher by only a few percent .
The extraction time effect on the properties of extracts was clear. The highest rates of increase was in the first 24 hours, when values were rising most. The remaining 24 hours have had such importance. Time certainly had a great influence on the properties of the extracts, but the last 24 hours of leaching characteristics has not changed significantly, so it is not necessary to infuse for 48 hours.
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Influence of bioeffectors application on phosphorus availability in substrate and on tomato yields
Beranová, Martina ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Hanč, Aleš (referee)
In the past few years, the Czech Republic has been trying to increase the input of plant available phosphorus (P) due to the increasing its bioavailability in soil. From the point of view agriculture properties we can say that there is only little amount of readily available P in soil. Plants are unable to take up phosphorus sufficiently, which is mainly due to the fact it is part of various less soluble soil compounds. Therefore, there are new technologies aiming to make P more plant available. One of these technologies are so called Bioeffectors
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to increase the plant available phosphorus content in soil due to the bioeffectors application and therefore increasing tomato yield and quality.
The bioefectors used contained the following microorganisms: Trichoderma harzianum, strain T22, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain FZB42 (RhizoVital), Pseudomonas sp. (pProradix) and a combination of Trichoderma harzianum with Bacillus subtilis with Zn and Mn added (CombiFector). The plant height, above ground biomass yields, tomato fruit yields and the contents of selected macro and micronutrients in soil (bioavailable form) and tomatoes fruit (total form) were estimated.
From the results is clear that: a) in the majority of monitored parameters, significant differences between treatments were not observed; b) Trichoderma treatment, in comparison to the Proradix showed significantly higher Mg content in soil, but only at the significance level 0.05; c) the total content of sulfur in the tomato fruit at the Trichoderma treatment was significantly lower in comparison with the Proradix and Combifector variations, and that at a significance level of 0.01.
In conclusion, it is possible to state that the application of bioeffectors, in the majority of cases, did not lead to significant changes of studied parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new strategies that effectively increase the availability of phosphorus contained in soils and applied fertilizers. Therefore, it is possible to suggest further testing of bioeffectors in particular for further research in soils with varied characteristics and deeper microbiological analysis serving to understand the mechanisms of effectiveness and determine the viability of the products.
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Use of the Products of Innovative Methods Applied for Nitrogen Removal from Wastewaters
Ulrichová, Alena ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor) ; Hanč, Aleš (referee)
The thesis gives an overview of the various innovative processes removing nitrogen compounds from waste water leading to the production of materials potentially usable in agriculture. Information was sought primarily in foreign scientific articles published in journals with impact factor.
Review is focused on the use of algae for wastewater treatment, while the attention is paid to the possibilities of agronomic use of algal biomass produced in the process of wastewater treatment. Algae using in wastewater treatment is field which offers many ways to improve the cleaning process. First, it is possible to choose the most suitable algae taxon for the type of waste water. To the algae can be applied knowledge of genetic engineering and finally the cleaning process can be improved by the technology used for the cultivation of algae. Algal biomass cultivated in sewage treatment plants can be used in agriculture as fertilizer or feed and nutrient supplement or as a biofuel.
In this review were also studied physico-chemical processes of removing nitrogen compounds from waste water, with an emphasis on the use of their products in agriculture. In the study is described the precipitation of struvite, which reduces the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater and its product can be used in agriculture as a fertilizer rich in phosphorus and nitrogen. Its use in organic farming has been advised a group of experts from the European Commission. Ammonium ion can be obtained by stripping from the wastewater. Stripped ammonium ion can than be collected it into acid, which is reacted to form an ammonium salt usable in conventional agriculture as fertilizer. Zeolites with its high sorption capacity, provide the possibility of capturing nutrients from wastewater and its application to the soil is provided a slow release of these nutrients. However, it is necessary to prevent the sorption of heavy metals that would be released from the zeolite to the soil and cause the toxic pollution.
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Effect of vermicomposting on occurrence of enterococci and Salmonella sp.
Ifková, Sandra ; Hanč, Aleš (advisor) ; Petra, Petra (referee)
Diploma work focuses mainly on the influence of vermicomposting process, which should reduce the incidence of bacteria of family Enterococcus and bacteria of family of Salmonella spp. in the product. As these are among the famous and important human and animal pathogens there was an experiment done to prove this statement.
The experiment took 10 weeks. During the first 14 days (from 9th November 2015) there were samples (pomace of grape vine and apple pomace) taken in the research institute FAPPZ in Červený Újezd. The earthworms were taken form the materials and then taken to SZÚ in Prague with the material, where there was the preparation and analyses of the sample done.
The procedure of sample work was as following. 50g of homogenised material was placed into 48 perforated dishes. The material for the lab experiment was prepared from vermicompost (75%) and from the raw material (25%) so that there was enough nourishment for the earthworms for the duration of the trial. There were certain numbers of microorganisms stated (CPM) in this material. Salmonella reached the values of < 1 CFU/g as the initial substrate. Enterococci in the pomace from the grape vine with earthworms reached the values of 1,1.10 CFU/g, at pomace from the grape vine without earthworms < 750 CFU/g and at apple pomace the value was always < 750 CFU/g. The eathworms were placed upto the half of the glass (2,5g) 6 dishes were chosen from each material, 2 of them served as a check, 2 were inoculated enterococci and 2 with salmonella. There was always one out of 2 dishes placed with earthworms. After the filling there was inoculated of the examined microorganisms. Inoculated variants with enterococci were inoculated of 2.0.107 CFU/g and variants of salmonella by 1.1.108 CFU/g. After inoculated there was sand placed to the dish.
During 8 weeks in frequency of 14 days the chosen samples were taken for analyses. The first analyses was done 23rd November 2025, the 2nd analyses was done 7th December, 3rd analyses was done 21st December 2015 and the 4th analyses was done 4th January 2016. Before the analyses was done the eartworms were taken out of the dish, they were weighted then they vitality was stated.
It was proved there there isn´t any influence of earthworms on the reduction of pathogens according to the experiments. It is impossible to state that there is the influence of eartworms on the process of making compost. The reduction of pathogens was the highest at the family of Salmonella spp. There was obvious reduction at the second week of analyses and in both materials. Bacteria of the family Enterococcus showed slower process of reduction because of higher resistance to temperatures, pH, chemical substances and preparations. The absolute reduction was obvious the during the last week of the experiment.
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Survival of thermotolerant coliform bacteria and E. coli during vermicomposting
Stegbauerová, Klára ; Hanč, Aleš (advisor) ; Petra, Petra (referee)
The aim of this thesis survival of thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB) and Escherichia coli during vermicomposting is to assess the ability of the earthworm Eisenia species (Eisenia andrei and Eisenia fetida) to reduce the number of these pathogens in the process of vermicomposting.
To prove or disprove the hypothesis that vermicomposting process is able to eliminate the number of these pathogenic organisms, an experiment was conducted at the research facility FAPPZ in Červený Újezd, which was followed by eight-week laboratory experiment carried out in the laboratory of SZÚ in Prague.
Vermicomposting is a process whereby it is possible to decompose various kinds of biodegradable material of plant or animal origin. In the experiment only the substrates of vegetable nature - apple pomace and marc were compared with each other. These plant materials were mixed in a ratio of 75 % of preprocessed material and 25 % of the fresh material. 50 g of this mixture was inserted into each individual perforated container. The laboratory experiment included four variants of samples suspension/ earthworms, suspension/ without earthworms with the addition of the inoculum and control variants without inoculum (without suspension/ without earthworms and without suspension/ earthworms).
To inoculated variants it was added the exact amount of pathogenic organisms, Escherichia coli (2,1.107 cfu/ g) and TCB (6,1.108 cfu/ g) and to the respective variants additional 2.5 g of earthworms. These samples were analyzed on two-week intervals in a lab (beginning November 9, 2015, then November 23, 2015, December 7, 2015, December 21, 2015, January 4, 2016). Prior to the microbiological analysis the earthworms were always removed and their weight and vitality were determined. Also the initial substrates were examined to define the total number of microorganisms (CPM) growing at 30°C to assess the impact of their own composting process on the development of microbial communities. For marc it was CPM 9,4.106 cfu/ g and for apple pomace 1,2.107 cfu/ g. The results of individual variations were compared with one another.
According to the results, earthworms influence acceleration of the process of reducing the number of pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria, when even during the period of the experiment a complete elimination of the pathogen occurred. However, there is no clear evidence to the degree of how much earthworms participate on the elimination and how much of that was caused by the actual process of composting. The largest decline in the number of monitored pathogens was always observed during the second week of the experiment, then the decrease was only moderate.
The results of monitoring the reduction of thermotolerant coliform bacteria suggest that the presence of earthworms in the substrate has no significant impact on the reduction of these pathogens. Initial substrate contained high initial quantity of CPM, so it can be assumed that the reduction in the number of TCB was mainly influenced by the actual composting process. The complete elimination of TCB did not occur. In this case it is necessary to extend the testing period to prove or disprove the hypothesis whether vermicomposting process is capable of eliminating these pathogens.
Details of the experiment are thoroughly described in the methodology of this thesis and the results of the experiment are summarized in the results section.
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