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Trends of ambient ozone in the Northern hemisphere
Bučková, Nicole ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Hovorka, Jan (referee)
The development of ground-level ozone concentrations is currently hotly debated topic. Ozone itself is highly toxic and has strong oxidizing effects. Ozone has negative impact on human health, but also on vegetation. In addition ozone is one of the most important greenhouse gases causing the greenhouse effect. The Council of Europe decided to limit its increasing tendency by the release of Directive 2002/3/EC. Limits that are set in this Directive are binding for all Member States without exception and breach of these limits is enforceable by law. However as a result of increased anthropogenic activities, particularly increased consumption of fossil fuels and the development of industrialization, those limits are very often breached. Especially in summer when is solar radiation is most intense. This suggests that the highest ozone concentrations are in southern Europe. North Europe has problems with intercontinental transport of ozone. Concentration of ozone is dependent on many factors - the weather conditions, the geography but also the impact from human activity. This paper describes the development of ground-level ozone concentrations in various regions in Europe and North America. In writing this work, I come out mainly from foreign studies that address this topic. Keywords: ozone,...
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Ambient air pollution in Vlastejovice - the issue of local sources
Stoklasová, Petra ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Hovorka, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of air pollution in small settlements caused by local sources such as home stoves. It is focused on the situation in a small village Vlastějovice, which lies in the Kutná Hora region. The main aim of this thesis was to detect if local stoves are the main air pollution sources in the village. This should be proved by the calculation of all emissions released by domestic stoves for the duration of one year. Input data were obtained from questionnaires and were compared with the data from the population and housing census of 2001. The calculations of these two sources differ. These differences are probably caused by inaccuracies in the questionnaires. The bachelor thesis was compared with a similar publication: the Bachelor thesis of Petr Dvorščík (2009). I found out that the year emissions from one flat in a family house in Vlastějovice are higher than the year emissions from one model flat, whose area has a size of an average flat in a family house. However, it would be better to make a long-term emission monitoring in order to get more exact data and results.
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The impact of ambient ozone on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases of people living in Prague, 2002-2006
Řezáčová, Jana ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Bartoňová, Alena (referee)
Ambient ozone (O3) is one of significant components of atmospheric photochemical pollution. As a consequence of increasing emissions of its precursors and favourable meteorological conditions it is one of the most spread and most monitored atmosphere pollutants. O3 is a toxic gas unfavourably affecting human health. The study evaluates ambient ozone (O3) influence on the health of the people living in Prague, the capital of Czech Republic, during the period 2002-2006. Its specific theme is to investigate correlation between ambient ozone (O3) concentrations and daily mortality from all causes, daily mortality from cardiovascular diseases (diagnose I00-I99, ICD-10), daily mortality from respiratory diseases (diagnose J00-J99, ICD-10), daily hospitalizations from cardiovascular diseases (dg. I00-I99, ICD-10) and daily hospitalizations from respiratory diseases (dg. J00-J99, ICD-10). The correlations was evaluated via Poisson regression modelling, using generalized linear model procedure (GLM) in Stata program, allowing for overdispersion. Resulting correlations were adjusted to influence of climatic factors (temperature, humidity) and so-called calendar effects (long time trends, weekly runing days, holidays). Data analysis proved a statistically significant correlation between daily mortality from...
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Temporal and spatial analysis of ozone in the Jizerske hory Mts.
Stoklasová, Petra ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Matoušková, Leona (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of concentrations of ambient ozone in the CHKO Jizerské hory. The Jizerské hory Mts. are an area where one of the highest concentrations of ambient ozone are measured every year and, therefore, our attention was focused on this area. The measurements were carried out between 2006 and 2010 at 13 sites (714-1000 m n. m.) in the CHKO Jizerské hory. From the input data, which were fortnightly average nitrate concentrations created on the filters of Ogawa passive samplers, fortnightly average concentrations of ambient ozone were computed using the empirical flow. Ambient ozone concentrations ranged from 13,8 ppb (year 2007) to 72,1 ppb (year 2006). From the five-year period under study defy the year 2006, when the highest concentrations of ambient ozone were measured. The lowest concentrations occurred in 2009. In all years, the concentrations of ambient ozone increased with increasing elevation and this gradient ranged from 2,7 to 4,6 ppb on 100 meters altitude. The accuracy and precision of measurement was very good (accuracy: R2 = 82 %; precision: R2 = 98 %). By multiple linear regression it was found, that ambient ozone concentration are influenced, in addition to the altitude, by ozone concentrations from previous...
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Trends of air pollution in the USA and Europe, particularly the Czech Republic, from 1950 to the present
Bendlová, Tereza ; Braniš, Martin (advisor) ; Hůnová, Iva (referee)
Bendlová, 2012 ABSTRACT - English Air pollution represents one of the main environmental issues. It affects human health and the environment through phenomena such as smog, acid rain, ozone layer depletion and climate change. Human health is not affected only outdoors but also indoors where other sources of pollution are in effect. People were already concerned about polluted air in the past. Nowadays, people have become more aware of the harmful impacts of polluted air, particularly after a few smog episodes which resulted in numerous deaths in 1950s. Since then, a lot of has been done to improve the situation, especially in the developed world. The United States (US) led the way by early environmental movements, establishing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and setting legislation to restrict polluting of the atmosphere. The European Union (EU) started later with their efforts. However, the air quality standards are much stricter now in the EU than in the US. The Czech Republic was behind on the way to cleaner air due to presence in the region of the Soviet Block where the environment was not seriously taken into consideration. Very rapid recovery has taken place establishing laws and legislation to adjust to the European standards and improve the air quality as fast as possible. Air pollution is...
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Assessment of ambient ozone pollution in the Šumava Mts.
Fišer, Michal ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Matějíček, Luboš (referee)
This diploma thesis is focused on a comprehensive assessment of ambient ozone concentrations in the Šumava Mts. Meteorological station Churáňov showed spring and summer maxima. The highest values were recorded between April and June each year. Second maximum appears in August. Minimal values were recorded during autumn and winter months, the lowest values appeared between November and January. Data from the 15-year period 1995 - 2009 were compared. The annual averaged concentration of ozone was 79,4 µg.m-3 . The highest AOT40F values within the entire measuring period were recorded in 2006 (34,9 ppm.h) and 2003 (32,9 ppm.h), the critical level for forest is 5 ppm.h. In this thesis the dependence of surface ozone at selected meteorological factors (temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation) and polution factors (NOx and NO2) such regression. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test has been developed for detecting and estimating monotonic trends in the time series and applied in our study at annual values: mean, 98th percentile and median. Trend in the annual value ozone 98th percentile was determined as statistically significant at Churáňov site during the 1995-2009 period. Trends in the annual ozone mean and median were determinated as statistically not significant. The thesis...
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