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Three-dimensional numerical analysis of Czech vowel production
Hájek, P. ; Švancara, P. ; Horáček, Jaromír ; Švec, J. G.
Spatial air pressures generated in human vocal tract by vibrating vocal folds present sound sources of vowel production. This paper simulates phonation phenomena by using fluid-structure-acoustic scheme in a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of a Czech vowel [o:]. The computational model was composed of four-layered M5-shaped vocal folds together with an idealized trachea and vocal tract. Spatial fluid flow in the trachea and in the vocal tract was obtained by unsteady viscous compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The oscillating vocal folds were modelled by a momentum equation. Large deformations were allowed. Transient analysis was performed based on separate structure and fluid solvers, which were exchanging loads acting on the vocal folds boundaries in each time iteration. The deformation of the fluid mesh during the vocal fold oscillation was realized by the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach and by interpolation of fluid results on the deformed fluid mesh. Preliminary results show vibration characteristics of the vocal folds, which correspond to those obtained from human phonation at higher pitch. The vocal folds were self-oscillating at a reasonable frequency of 180 Hz. The vocal tract eigenfrequencies were in the ranges of the formant frequencies of Czech vowel [o:] measured on humans, during self-oscillations the formants shifted to lower frequencies.
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Experimental modelling of vibroacoustics of the human vocal tract with compliant walls
Radolf, Vojtěch ; Horáček, Jaromír ; Košina, Jan
Experimental model of human vocal tract cavities with hard walls has been modified to take into account the compliance of the soft tissue of the human vocal tract. The paper presents the studied acoustic-structural interaction of the vocal tract cavities with a dynamical system originated in vibration of the soft tissue. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the results of mathematical modelling. Compliant walls of acoustic cavities generate additional low frequency acoustical-mechanical resonances of the system and increase acoustic resonance frequencies.
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Aeroacoustic simulation of human phonation with the wale sub-grid scale model
Šidlof, Petr ; Lasota, M.
The paper reports on an aeroacoustic model of voice generation in human larynx, based on Large Eddy Simulation with the Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity (WALE) sub-grid scale (SGS) model. The simulation uses a three-step hybrid approach, with an incompressible finite volume CFD computation providing the filtered velocity and pressure, evaluation of the aeroacoustic sources, and simulation of the sound propagation by finite element discretization of the Acoustic Perturbation Equations. The WALE SGS model is used to overcome the limitation of the classical Smagorinski SGS model, which overpredicts the SGS viscosity in regions of high shear, especially within the boundary layer in the glottal constriction. Results of the 3D CFD simulation, location of the aeroacoustic sources and the spectra of the radiated sound for two vowels are presented.
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Human vocal tract models with yielding walls – preliminary experimental results
Radolf, Vojtěch ; Horáček, Jaromír ; Košina, Jan
Yielding walls of acoustic cavities cause an additional low frequency acoustical – mechanical resonance of the system. This resonance changes also the higher acoustic resonance frequencies. Experimental model of human vocal tract cavities with hard walls has been modified to take into account the compliance of the soft tissue of human vocal tract. The unique experimental set-up has been assembled to study in detail acoustic-structural interaction of the vocal tract cavities with a dynamical system originated in vibration of the soft tissue. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the results of mathematical modelling.
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Influence of tissue changes in superficial lamina propria on production of Czech vowels
Hájek, P. ; Švancara, P. ; Horáček, Jaromír ; Švec, J.
Superficial lamina propria (SLP) is a water-like vocal fold (VF) layer located directly under overlying epithelium. Its material properties affect VF motion and thus resulting spectrum of produced sound. Influence of stiffness and damping of the SLP on sound spectrum of Czech vowels is examined using a two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) model of a human phonation system. The model consists of the VF (structure model) connected with an idealized trachea and vocal tract (VT) (fluid models). Five VTs for all Czech vowels [a:], [e:], [i:], [o:] and [u:] were used and their geometry were based on MRI data. Fluid flow in the trachea and VT was modelled by unsteady viscous compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Such a formulation enabled numerical simulation of a fluid-structure-acoustic interaction (FSAI). Self-sustained oscillations of the VF were described by a momentum equation including large deformations and a homogeneous linear elastic model of material was used. Fluid and structure solvers exchange displacements and boundary forces in each iteration. During closed phase VFs are in contact and fluid flow is separated. We can observe that both the damping and the stiffness of the SLP substantially influence the amplitude and frequency of VFs vibration as well as the open time of the glottis.\n
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Experimental and computer modelling study of glottal closing velocity during phonation
Horáček, Jaromír ; Radolf, Vojtěch ; Bula, Vítězslav ; Šidlof, P. ; Geneid, A. ; Laukkanen, A. M.
This preliminary study shows that the impact stress between the colliding vocal folds during phonation should not be evaluated from the maximum velocity of the glottal closing because the velocity of the closing diminishes just before the glottal closure. This phenomenon, which can be caused by a pressure cushion effect in the fast narrowing glottal gap, is demonstrated with measurements from high speed camera images recorded from human and on a physical laboratory model for vowel [u:] phonation and on a three-mass computer model employing a Hertz model of impact force. For a more detailed future study of this phenomenon a faster camera has to be used. \n
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