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Suffix -iný in the Old and Middle Czech Language
Chybová, Barbora
This paper is aimed at the problem of the existence and (non)productivity of the suffix -iný in old and middle Czech language. Although the suffix -iný represents one of the systemic members of the group of possessive adjectival endings -óv, -in, -ový, -iný, other possibilities of interpretation of this conclusion are being examined.
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On the formation of the non-stem declension type píseň (focusing primarily on Old- and Middle-Czech periods)
Vajdlová, Miloslava
The new non-stem declension type píseň (earlier also dlaň, obec, etc.) has been established in the course of the Old-Czech period on the basis of three feminine groups: 1/ the i-stems ending with -sn, -zn, -z+C+n or -V+n (e.g. Old-Czech básn, piesn; bázn, kázn; prázdn; dan, dlan, sien, etc.); 2/ ja-stems with alternative nom./acc. ending with -ě/0 (Old-Czech ojě/oj, púščě/púšč, tvrzě/tvrz, etc.); 3/ ū-stems (Old-Czech břěskev, cierkev, húžev, etc.). The impact of the formal proximity of the ja- and i-stem nouns equal in gender (feminine), zero ending of nom. sg. and a number of identical case forms, has caused a new paradigm has been created gradually comprising endings of the ja-stem feminine declension and the i-stem feminine forms; following the change of ě > e, the ū-stems merge into these feminine nouns. Therefore, the new declension type can be considered as established towards 1500. Later, the type píseň has joined a number of i- and jo-stem masculine nouns (Old-Czech san, křěč, krádež, faleš, etc.) and some individual feminine nouns. The formation of the declension type píseň has been an age-long process and the transition of some nouns to it has been very slow. The key role in the process of transition has played the consonantal ending of nouns – the declension type píseň has formed, or gradually joined nouns ending with nasals, palato-alveolar fricatives, and labials above all.
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The reflection of space in the Czech vocabulary of the late Middle Ages
Nejedlý, Petr
The way the medieval people observed, interpreted and evaluated the space that surrounded them has been reflected also in the Old-Czech vocabulary – in designation of space, space relationships, operations in and with space, and in the word-formation motivation of many lexical units. From the pattern of lexical meanings and their semantic development it can be deduced which lexical units designing space and space relationships were central in the given period (cf. for example pút vs. cěsta – both path, road; journey), what was the hierarchy of the relevant concepts and their denomination (cf. povětřie - air; atmosphere; wind; weather vs. počěsie - suitable time; favourable weather; weather), and what was the extralinguistic reality (legal conventions – cf. veřějní - public, originally - placed on a door or gate; fight technique – cf. podvrci - forge, fake, foist, originally - push (weapon) under one's arm, etc.).
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The lexical database MADLA and possibilities of its use
Chybová, Barbora ; Záhořová, E.
The lexical database of the humanistic and baroque Czech MADLA covers vocabulary from 1500–1780. It contains about 750 000 hand-excerpted documents stemming from dictionaries, herbaria, chronicles and other literary documents from this historical period. Using this database, it is possible to monitor the development of meaning, word formation, paradigm and other grammatical categories, and it serves as a basis for further research on the vocabulary from the 16th–18th centuries. The text describes a representative sample of change in the meaning of the substantive kredenc („cupboard“), the meaning of which has shifted from the original „tasting“ to the contemporary „dresser“. Emphasis is placed on the proof and comparison of different meanings of this word.
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To the development of the verb opposition of -ěti and -iti
Chybová, Barbora
This paper is aimed at the verb doublets of -ěti and -iti (the third and the fourth infinitive class case), that means the deadjective verbs that reflects the opposition of the intransitivity (the process of receiving qualities, černět) and transitivity (the process of giving qualities, černit). This opposition is observed in its development from the old Czech language to the modern one, with its emphasis on the Czech language of the 16th – 18th century.
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Some more remarks on the opposition of the prefixes s-, z-, vz- in Old and Middle Czech – appropriate action expression by prefix vz-
Vajdlová, Miloslava
Given some examples of old- and middle-Czech lexical units – such as vzdáti, vzvésti, vzvod etc. – with the common meaning “completion of an activity in a desirable way” the author points out the capacity of the earlier stages of language evolution to express a desirable and appropriate action by means of the prefix vz- which thus comes into the opposition with the prefix s- meaning “diverge from the appropriate direction”. Throughout the following development this meaning of the prefix vz-, closely related to medieval ways of thinking, becomes still less transparent and some of its derivatives take on other forms and meanings (cf. vzvod – převod, vzchovati – vychovati, odchovati).
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The past in the language of the future?
Nejedlý, Petr
It is not possible to predict archaic elements of the language, but we can assume some of them on the basis of the present developmental tendencies; we think the changes should not influence the typological qualities of the language.
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