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The relationship between the state and religious communitites in the USA
Krauzová, Tereza ; Horák, Záboj (advisor) ; Tretera, Jiří Rajmund (referee)
The relationship between the state and religious communities in the USA Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to introduce the relevant aspects of the relationship between the state and religious communities in the United States of America. The focus of the thesis lies in the introduction of the development of interpretation of both religious clauses of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution by the Supreme Court, especially in the 20th century. This thesis aims to show, how both religious clauses, even though they were created to serve the same purpose, are in some cases interpreted in a contradicting way. The thesis also elaborates on religious freedom in the sensitive environment of armed forces, as the soldiers depend totally on services provided to them by the government. In the final part, the thesis introduces certain exceptions from the generally applicable legal provisions for the churches and religious legal entities, as well as recent development from the perspective of admitting religious freedom to business corporations. Keywords: freedom of religion, Constitution of the United States, First Amendment, churches, Supreme Court, USA
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Racist legislation of Nazi Germany
Řezníček, Adam ; Horák, Záboj (referee) ; Seltenreich, Radim (advisor)
- Racial laws of Nazi Germany The aim of this thesis was to provide an overview of racial laws which were in force during the reign of the national socialist regime in the Nazi Germany during the years 1933 - 1945. The first chapter aims to describe the philosophical and historical background of the racial laws of the Third Reich. The roots of the racial philosophy and scientific racism which can be traced back to the 19th century are described (teaching of Gobineau and Chamberlain), as is the actual philosophical approach to the questions of inequality of races as held by Adolf Hitler and his supporters (programme of NSDAP from 1920 and the writings of the leading Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg). The following chapter focuses on the historical background which made the ascent to power by Nazis possible, which includes the overview of political and social situation in the Germany which was defeated in the First World War. Also, the basic provisions of the Weimar Constitution are described so that the change from the liberal so called Weimer Republic to the dictatorship of the Third Reich is illustrated. Besides the general background, I have also described the actual grasping of power by Nazis through adoption of decrees which in fact was made not by a revolution, but in a way which was fully in...
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Changes in canon law after the Second Vatican Council
Surmánek, Miroslav ; Horák, Záboj (referee) ; Tretera, Jiří Rajmund (advisor)
Resumé In my thesis, I tried to focus on the most important aspects of the changes in the Canon law of the Catholic Church after the II Vatican Council. From the very beginning I tried to understand the historical background of the Catholic Church, foundations on which Legal system began to be build. The Canon law of the Catholic Church has changed many times in the history. I tried to follow those changes across the centuries to the beginning of 20th Century when the Canon law was codified. Pope Pius X ordered that work begin on reducing diverse documents into single code, presenting the normative portion in the form of systematic short canons shorn of the preliminary considerations and omitting those parts that had been superseded by later developments. The Code was promulgated in 1917 as Code of Canon law, by his successor, Pope Benedict XV. For the most part, it applied only to the Latin Church except when "it treats of things that, by their nature, apply to the Oriental". Wide reception of normative of Canon law was considered as a "masterpiece of legal work". Social, political and economical changes during 20th Century have had it's consequences also in the field of the Canon law. Some parts of the 1917 Code became obsolete under the new circumstances. In 1959, Pope John XXIII announced together with...
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Impediments to marriage in the codes of canon law and the Code of canons of Eastern churches
Benická, Žofia ; Tretera, Jiří Rajmund (advisor) ; Horák, Záboj (referee)
63 Summary Impediments to marriage in the codes of canon law and the Code of Canons of Eastern Churches Key words: canon law, impediment, marriage This thesis deals with the impediments to marriage according to the canon law of the Catholic Church. Impediments to marriage are legal obstacles that prevent a sacrament of marriage from being performed validly and\or licitly. The thesis compares impediments to marriage under the 1917 Code of Canon Law, under the 1983 Code of Canon law and 1992 Code of Canons of Eastern Churches. It also tries to emphasize the differences between the canon law and the Czech civil law regarding legal obstacles to valid marriage. Canon impediments to marriage can be classified in many different ways, into public or occult, permanent or temporary, absolute or relative etc. In regard to their origin, they can be either of divine or of ecclesiastical origin. This thesis tries to point out major differences between codes of canon law concerned. Under the 1917 Code of Canon Law impediment to marriage were divided into two groups in regard to their effect on the sacrament of marriage. According to this partition impediments were either diriment, which invalidated an attempted marriage, or impedient, which made a marriage illicit but valid. The 1983 Code of Canon Law and CCEO don't...
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The constitutional development of Turkey before 1945
Švanda, Josef ; Horák, Záboj (referee) ; Seltenreich, Radim (advisor)
121 Závěr: zhodnocení úpravy de lege lata a úvahy de lege ferenda Tato rigorózní práce byla s ohledem na svůj název zaměřena především na trestní postih mládeže, jehož rozboru se věnuji především, současně jsem se ale pokusila upozornit na hlavní příčiny a rysy kriminality mládeže, neboť bez jejich znalosti nelze dle mého názoru přesně pochopit účel trestního postihu mládeže ani jej správně uplatňovat. Krátce jsem poukázala také na dlouhý vývoj, kterým právní úprava prošla, než nabyla svojí současné podoby. V úvodu práce jsem si položila otázku, zda byla samostatná úprava soudnictví nad mládeží nutná, zda její dnešní znění a aplikační praxe odpovídá potřebám a specifikům této kategorie pachatelů a cílům, které jsou jejich postihem sledovány. Dospěla jsem k závěru, že samostatná právní úprava soudnictví nad mládeží byla nutností, kterou si specifický charakter kriminality mládeže žádá. Teprve touto novou a samostatnou úpravou je možné se dostatečně věnovat všem aspektům nutně odlišného zacházení s mladistvými oproti dospělým pachatelům. Vzhledem k obsažnosti nové právní úpravy by nebylo vhodné ani přehledné tuto zahrnout do trestního zákona. Navíc základní idea ZSM, a sice že mládež je třeba vychovávat a ne trestat, je odlišná od ducha trestního zákona, zaměřeného více represivně a do minulosti, a také proto...
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