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Impact of macro channels on mechanical stability of bone scaffolds during indirect 3D printing
Vojníková, Michaela ; Novotná, Lenka (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Porous materials are currently subject to the great interest of tissue engineering. They provide unique properties such as bioactivity, biodegradability, osteoconductivity, and vascularization. Particularly, ceramic porous systems show appreciable potential in medical applications. However, there is a crucial problem with the porous scaffold on account of their bad mechanic properties and therefore they are presently used only at low-load locations. This thesis focuses on the preparation of the scaffolds made of hydroxyapatite by using the freeze-casting method where the indirect 3D printing was applied to get open channels with the size over 200 µm. It also compares the mechanical properties of the scaffolds with different internal structures and monitors how the implementation of different types of grids affects the resulting stability. The scaffolds were prepared with a different arrangement of macro-channel in the internal structure, but they had equal dimensions as common property. The 3D grid was implemented before freezing into the mold and afterward the grid was eliminated by sintering, leaving only a channel system with the size 540-600 µm in the final scaffold. The influence of the type of the 3D grid on the resulting mechanical stability of the scaffold was determined. Rotation of this grid does not have a significant effect on the result, while it only helps with cracking in the direction of the helix. The combination of these methods reports very good controllability with directed macro-channels in the resulting scaffold and therefore it is suitable for the preparation of the bone-implants with different structures.
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Tailoring of cooling procedure during freeze-casting for bone replacement applications.
Šantavý, Tomáš ; Novotná, Lenka (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Bachelor thesis focuses on preparation of hydroxyapatite ceramics by freeze-casting. Hydroxyapatite is an important ceramic material, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioactivity it has a wide range of use in medicinal applications especially in replacement of bone material. The chosen method, freeze-casting, is flexible, eco-friendly and we are able to achieve a high level of porosity. The method includes freezing, freeze drying and sintering which creates a porous structure of the prepared material. Objective of this bachelor thesis was to find out the impact on the created porosity and mechanical properties of the final material. Freezing rates were applied 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 26 m/s. During the experimental part it was established that the freezing rate has a significant influence on the newly formed inner microstructure, it directly influences the interlamellar distances and mechanical property which is compressive strength. With liquid nitrogen with a speed of 26 m/s the achieved compressive strength was of 15 MPa as well as the shortest interlamellar distances of 14-22 µm. With slower freezing rate the average interlamellar distances were 40-150 µm and compressive strength of 2-4 MPa with comparable porosity.
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Tvarování hydroxyapatitu na mikro úrovni pro přípravu kostních náhrad
Pejchalová, Lucie ; Novotná, Lenka (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Vhledem k celosvětovému stárnutí populace, dochází k častější potřebě opravy pohybového aparátu. V některých případech je proto nutno přejít v konečné fázi k implantaci kostní náhrady. Nejčastěji je pro svoji biokompatibilitu a bioaktivitu využíván hydroxyapatit, který je v kostech přirozeně zastoupen. Využití hydroxyapatitu jako materiálu pro kostní náhrady je omezeno mechanickou stabilitou v porézních systémech. Metoda, při které bylo dosaženo nejlepšího poměru mechanické stability a porozity, se nazývá freeze – casting. Tato metoda využívá tvorbu ledu (v případě vodných suspenzí) ke tvorbě lamelární struktury během kontrolovaného mražení. Dalším krokem je odstranění ledových krystalů lyofilizací. Následně je výsledná porézní lamelární struktura zpevněna slinutím. Změnou složení suspenze nebo podmínek mražení lze dosáhnout různé mezilamelární vzdálenosti, spojení lamel a porozity. V této práci byly připraveny keramické suspenze v objemovém zastoupení hydroxyapatitu 7,5 %, 10 %, 15 % a 20 %, které byly použity při přípravě porézních kostních náhrad metodou freeze – casting. Během mražení byla do struktur implementována 3D mřížka, která posloužila jako šablona pro síť kanálků (v průměru cca 800 mikrometrů). Po lyofilizaci byly následným ohřevem odstraněny z materiálu organické látky, včetně 3D mřížky. Výsledná biokeramická struktura dosáhla porozity víc než 90 % a velmi dobrého poměru mechanické stability a porozity. Implementace 3D mřížky se ukázala být vhodnou metodou pro kontrolovanou tvorbu kanálků s dostatečným rozměrem, sloužící k zvýšení bioaktivity materiálu.
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Neural bioceramic scaffold prepared by freeze-casting
Vojníková, Michaela ; Pejchalová, Lucie (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Several procedures have been investigated for the regeneration of injured nerves. However, the resulting axonal growth can be random or disorganized and has limitations reflected on patient recovery. Therefore, the novel freeze-casted scaffolds were manufactured with mechanical and microstructural properties suitable for the neural scaffold. Concretely, the bioceramic scaffolds were based on calcium phosphates, titania, and zirconia. The oriented microstructure was prepared by controlled ice growth in one direction. The observation with scanning electron microscopy confirmed linearly oriented pores (lamellar system) in which average pore size decreased with a higher freezing rate. According to the results, the scaffolds prepared by freezing in liquid nitrogen showed excellent mechanical properties, where flexural strength was in the range of 10–17 MPa. Interlamellar distances of these scaffolds were 10–30 µm, which are appropriate for neural scaffolds. Biocompatibility was evaluated with Schwann cells’ line in vitro, where the adhesion and growth in the lamellar direction were observed. Cytotoxic tests revealed a negative impact of a high calcium level on Schwann cell’ survival. The prepared scaffolds could form an apatite layer on its surface in the form of embryonic and nucleation centers and apatite itself. Calcium phosphate and titania scaffolds exhibited promising regenerative characteristics of adhesion and ingrowth through porous structures with outstanding mechanical properties.
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Neural bioceramic scaffold prepared by freeze-casting
Vojníková, Michaela ; Pejchalová, Lucie (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Several procedures have been investigated for the regeneration of injured nerves. However, the resulting axonal growth can be random or disorganized and has limitations reflected on patient recovery. Therefore, the novel freeze-casted scaffolds were manufactured with mechanical and microstructural properties suitable for the neural scaffold. Concretely, the bioceramic scaffolds were based on calcium phosphates, titania, and zirconia. The oriented microstructure was prepared by controlled ice growth in one direction. The observation with scanning electron microscopy confirmed linearly oriented pores (lamellar system) in which average pore size decreased with a higher freezing rate. According to the results, the scaffolds prepared by freezing in liquid nitrogen showed excellent mechanical properties, where flexural strength was in the range of 10–17 MPa. Interlamellar distances of these scaffolds were 10–30 µm, which are appropriate for neural scaffolds. Biocompatibility was evaluated with Schwann cells’ line in vitro, where the adhesion and growth in the lamellar direction were observed. Cytotoxic tests revealed a negative impact of a high calcium level on Schwann cell’ survival. The prepared scaffolds could form an apatite layer on its surface in the form of embryonic and nucleation centers and apatite itself. Calcium phosphate and titania scaffolds exhibited promising regenerative characteristics of adhesion and ingrowth through porous structures with outstanding mechanical properties.
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Impact of macro channels on mechanical stability of bone scaffolds during indirect 3D printing
Vojníková, Michaela ; Novotná, Lenka (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Porous materials are currently subject to the great interest of tissue engineering. They provide unique properties such as bioactivity, biodegradability, osteoconductivity, and vascularization. Particularly, ceramic porous systems show appreciable potential in medical applications. However, there is a crucial problem with the porous scaffold on account of their bad mechanic properties and therefore they are presently used only at low-load locations. This thesis focuses on the preparation of the scaffolds made of hydroxyapatite by using the freeze-casting method where the indirect 3D printing was applied to get open channels with the size over 200 µm. It also compares the mechanical properties of the scaffolds with different internal structures and monitors how the implementation of different types of grids affects the resulting stability. The scaffolds were prepared with a different arrangement of macro-channel in the internal structure, but they had equal dimensions as common property. The 3D grid was implemented before freezing into the mold and afterward the grid was eliminated by sintering, leaving only a channel system with the size 540-600 µm in the final scaffold. The influence of the type of the 3D grid on the resulting mechanical stability of the scaffold was determined. Rotation of this grid does not have a significant effect on the result, while it only helps with cracking in the direction of the helix. The combination of these methods reports very good controllability with directed macro-channels in the resulting scaffold and therefore it is suitable for the preparation of the bone-implants with different structures.
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Tailoring of cooling procedure during freeze-casting for bone replacement applications.
Šantavý, Tomáš ; Novotná, Lenka (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Bachelor thesis focuses on preparation of hydroxyapatite ceramics by freeze-casting. Hydroxyapatite is an important ceramic material, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioactivity it has a wide range of use in medicinal applications especially in replacement of bone material. The chosen method, freeze-casting, is flexible, eco-friendly and we are able to achieve a high level of porosity. The method includes freezing, freeze drying and sintering which creates a porous structure of the prepared material. Objective of this bachelor thesis was to find out the impact on the created porosity and mechanical properties of the final material. Freezing rates were applied 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 26 m/s. During the experimental part it was established that the freezing rate has a significant influence on the newly formed inner microstructure, it directly influences the interlamellar distances and mechanical property which is compressive strength. With liquid nitrogen with a speed of 26 m/s the achieved compressive strength was of 15 MPa as well as the shortest interlamellar distances of 14-22 µm. With slower freezing rate the average interlamellar distances were 40-150 µm and compressive strength of 2-4 MPa with comparable porosity.
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Tvarování hydroxyapatitu na mikro úrovni pro přípravu kostních náhrad
Pejchalová, Lucie ; Novotná, Lenka (oponent) ; Salamon, David (vedoucí práce)
Vhledem k celosvětovému stárnutí populace, dochází k častější potřebě opravy pohybového aparátu. V některých případech je proto nutno přejít v konečné fázi k implantaci kostní náhrady. Nejčastěji je pro svoji biokompatibilitu a bioaktivitu využíván hydroxyapatit, který je v kostech přirozeně zastoupen. Využití hydroxyapatitu jako materiálu pro kostní náhrady je omezeno mechanickou stabilitou v porézních systémech. Metoda, při které bylo dosaženo nejlepšího poměru mechanické stability a porozity, se nazývá freeze – casting. Tato metoda využívá tvorbu ledu (v případě vodných suspenzí) ke tvorbě lamelární struktury během kontrolovaného mražení. Dalším krokem je odstranění ledových krystalů lyofilizací. Následně je výsledná porézní lamelární struktura zpevněna slinutím. Změnou složení suspenze nebo podmínek mražení lze dosáhnout různé mezilamelární vzdálenosti, spojení lamel a porozity. V této práci byly připraveny keramické suspenze v objemovém zastoupení hydroxyapatitu 7,5 %, 10 %, 15 % a 20 %, které byly použity při přípravě porézních kostních náhrad metodou freeze – casting. Během mražení byla do struktur implementována 3D mřížka, která posloužila jako šablona pro síť kanálků (v průměru cca 800 mikrometrů). Po lyofilizaci byly následným ohřevem odstraněny z materiálu organické látky, včetně 3D mřížky. Výsledná biokeramická struktura dosáhla porozity víc než 90 % a velmi dobrého poměru mechanické stability a porozity. Implementace 3D mřížky se ukázala být vhodnou metodou pro kontrolovanou tvorbu kanálků s dostatečným rozměrem, sloužící k zvýšení bioaktivity materiálu.
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