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From Modular to End-to-End Speaker Diarization
Landini, Federico Nicolás ; Ganapathy, Sriram (oponent) ; Bredin, Herve (oponent) ; Burget, Lukáš (vedoucí práce)
Speaker diarization is usually referred to as the task that determines ``who spoke when'' in a recording. Until a few years ago, all competitive approaches were modular, i.e. voice activity detection, segmentation, embedding extraction, clustering and overlapped speech detection and handling were tackled by different sub-systems and applied in a cascaded fashion. Systems based on this framework reached state-of-the-art performance in most scenarios but had major difficulties dealing with overlapped speech. More recently, the advent of end-to-end models, capable of dealing with all aspects of speaker diarization with a single model and better performing regarding overlapped speech, has brought high levels of attention. This thesis is framed during a period of co-existence of these two trends. We describe a system based on a Bayesian hidden Markov model used to cluster x-vectors (speaker embeddings obtained with a neural network), known as VBx, which has shown remarkable performance on different datasets and challenges. We comment on its advantages and limitations and evaluate results on different relevant corpora. Then, we move towards end-to-end neural diarization (EEND) methods. Due to the need for large training sets for training these models and the lack of manually annotated diarization data in sufficient quantities, the compromise solution consists in generating training data artificially. We describe an approach for generating synthetic data which resembles real conversations in terms of speaker turns and overlaps. We show how this method generating "simulated conversations" allows for better performance than using a previously proposed method for creating "simulated mixtures" when training the popular EEND with encoder-decoder attractors (EEND-EDA). We also propose a new EEND-based model, which we call DiaPer, and show that it can perform better than EEND-EDA, especially when dealing with many speakers and handling overlapped speech. Finally, we compare both VBx-based and DiaPer systems on a wide variety of corpora and comment on the advantages of each technique.
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