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Occurrence and prevalence of Nosema spp. in European honey bee (Apis mellifera)
ANDERLOVÁ, Jana
Nosemosis is a serious disease of bees caused by microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Both species are widely spread around the world and in the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of Nosema spp., describe the species variability and assess the influence of the season. PCR method amplifying part of the gene encoding the small ribosomal subunit rRNA was used to identify the species of Nosema spp. A total 77 samples originated from 17 farmers were examined Out of them, 71% (55 samples) were positive for the presence of Nosema spp. Samples were collected in five seasons in 2011?2012. Both N. apis, and N. ceranae were detected in all breeds. In 2011, N. apis was detected as causative agent of nosemosis except one sample, where the mixed infection was detected. In 2012, N. ceranae was observed in mono- or mixed infections. Currently monoinfections of N. apis were not detected in 2012. Generally, the highest occurrence was detected in the autumn and winter months.
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The incidence of microsporidium in hematological and oncological patients
DORAZILOVÁ, Veronika
Microsporidia are intracellular parasites belonging to the Fungi kingdom. There are about 1200 species of microsporidia in 150 genera, 14 species of microsporidia are the most important for human. Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are the most common microsporidian, that cause infections in humans. Infectious stages of microspoidia are spores. They are oval shape and serve for host infection. Spore contains the polar tube, which is ejecting into cystoplasm of the host cell. The process is triggered by external conditions and release the content called sporoplasma into host cell. The development of microsporidia in the host follow, which includes two phases of development - merogony, which involves division of the plasmodium on meronts and sporogony, when individual cells become independent and after variol stages of development finishes by the spore formation. Microsporidiosis can be transmitted by fecal oral transmission: ingestion of contaminated water or poorly cooked meat. This type of transmission is called horizontal. The second type of transmission is vertical transmission (transplacental), which wasn´t been described in humans. Zoonotic transmission can be important, too. A person can be infected by microsporidiosis from various species of animals that were infected with different species of microsporidia. Patients with acquired primary immunodeficiency are the group at risk. Children, senior patients, travelers or patietns after transplantation can be infected, too. Microsporidia cause opportunistic infections for which is characteristic that accompany other primary diseases, such as AIDS, other viral or bacterial diseases and so on. The most common clinical manifestations include diarrhea, other symptoms are eye, lung or muscle problems. The aim of this work was determine the presence or absence four species of microsporidia, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Enterocytozoo nbieneusi in faecal samples of hematology and oncology patients and compare the results with the results already described. I collected 45 stool samples during the period January 2012 - January 2013. Samples were collected in non-sterile cap bottles and processed in parasitological laboratory in AS CR in České Budějovice. Then I stained all samples by the calcofluor white and examined with the microscope Olmypus IX70. I was looking for oval bright blue-white spores of microsporidia. It was necessary to distinguished from yeasts. Another method was molecular diagnostics. I isolated DNA from all 45 samples using a commercial kit PSP Spin Stool DNA kit (INVITEK). During isolation spores were desintegrated and DNA suitable for further processing obtained. Then I performed polymerase chain reaction, a method using a rapid multiplication of DNA based on the principle of replication of nucleic acids. PCR was performed in thermocycler (BIO RAD, BIOER) for two hours. Amplification was carried out in 35 repetitive cycles of three basic steps - denaturation, hybridization and elongation. Gel electrophoresis was next step. There result was shown by electrophoresis transluminator, which was connected with a computer. According to the fragment length was determined whether one of the four above-mentioned species of microsporidia is present in the sample. DNA extraction from gel was next step, if presence of microsporidia was comfirmed. Then the purified DNA was send to sequencing to Korea and sequences were evaluated. Total nine DNA fragments were send to sequencing. Next analyses was last step. This was carried in out in the biological center of AS CR in České Budějovice. Phylogenetic analyses determined type of genotype. Presence of the species Encephalitozoon cuniculi, genotype II in one hematologic patient was confirmed. Also, presence of the species Enterocytozoon bieneusi, genotype D in two hematologic patients and six hematologic patients was confirmed.
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Methodology of ApMV, ACLSV and ASGV diagnostic in apple and pear cultivars and rootstocks by ELISA
Svoboda, Jiří ; Polák, Jaroslav
The presence of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) is tested in apple and pear cultivars and rootstocks according to the EPPO recommendation by evaluating symptoms on tree indicators after grafting. This method requires two or three years of planting. For that reason it was prepared and optimised serological testing the presence of ApMV, ACLSV and ASGV by ELISA as a reliable specific methodology. Research results obtained in Crop Research Institute, Prague approve suitability of ELISA for the detection of these viruses in a specific tree tissue during a specific vegetation period. Developed methodological procedures are appropriate especially for state control and supervision laboratories and they are necessary for the certification scheme of fruit trees.
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Electronic Control Unit for Engines and its Diagnostics
ČERVENKA, Petr
This paper summarizes information to be used to gain background knowledge related to the control systems of the spark-ignition combustion engines of cars and their diagnostics. The essentials part of this paper includes the explanation of the principles of each part of the systems. Next part includes explanation of the serial and parallel diagnostics including examples of diagnostics measurements. Last part this paper is engaged in the measuring technology.
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Comprehensive care of person with Alzheimer's disease
ŘEHOŘOVÁ, Andrea
The thesis deals with the comprehensive care for a person with Alzheimer`s disease. As the population gets old, also the number of people with Alzheimer{\crq}s disease has been growing. Pursuant the survey, approx. 5 % population in the age of 65 years suffers from the middle up to high degree of dementia; thereof the Alzheimer{\crq}s disease represents 50{--}60 %. Its frequency roughly doubles every five years. Alzheimer{\crq}s disease is approximately the fourth most frequent cause of all the death cases. The main goals is to find out the extent of knowledge of lay public about Alzheimer{\crq}s disease in the South Bohemian region. Hereby we mean the information about the care, possibilities of healing, symptoms and prevention of Alzheimer{\crq}s disease. In connection with these goals the H1 hypothesis was postulated: The lay public was informed of Alzheimer{\crq}s disease. For achieving the given goal, the method of questioning, the technology of the questionnaire was used. 280 questionnaires were distributed among the persons older than 18 years and they were returned in 86 %. In total, 241 questionnaires were filled in, thereof 230 were filled in correctly and also evaluated. As the most important questions for confirming or not confirming the hypothesis the author determined questions concerning the knowledge of the AD treatment, AD symptoms, knowledge of facilities, consulting centre as well as other activities for the people with AD, occurrence of AD and forms of treatment. It followed from the results that H1 hypothesis was not confirmed. Two partial targets were postulated for the given issue for the completeness sake. The first partial target was to describe the medically social issue of Alzheimer{\crq}s disease including its impact on all the spheres of the life of man: i.e. biological, psychological as well as social spheres. The second partial goal concerned the survey of services for persons with Alzheimer{\crq}s disease and their families in the South Bohemian Region. This thesis may be utilized in future as source of information about Alzheimer{\crq}s disease for the students of Faculty of Health and Social Studies in České Budějovice and for persons from the lay public who would like to learn more of Alzheimer{\crq}s disease.
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MAJOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DISEASES AND POSSIBILITIES OF RESTRICTION ITS MALFEASANCE AND CONSEQUENTIAL SPREAD IN POPULATION
VAŇOVÁ, Naďa
In history there are cases of epidemics, which often reduced the human population more than war conflicts ever did. A typical example is the Spanish flu epidemic during the 1st World War. It is generally known that a large portion of our population lacks sufficient knowledge on the very dangerous diseases, which can be misused by bioterrorists. People underestimate the threat and often they don?t even have any idea how to protect themselves against biological agents or what to do in the event of a possible attack. I have chosen this issue as the topic of my diploma work as I consider the current situation of the inhabitant?s awareness of this issue as unsatisfactory. The objective of my work is to define epidemiologically serious diseases, which are suitable for misuse within the bioterrorists? actions, to focus on their diagnostics, treatment and prevention. On the basis of studying expert literature and consultations I have proposed preventative measures and instructions what to do in the event of a possible risk of attack by biological warfare agents and subsequently I created two types of information leaflets for the wide public. At the same time I handed over these two information leaflets for an expert assessment to a legal office to make sure that they do not fulfil the state of facts of a criminal offence of spreading a haux. The result is an opinion that the leaflet with general information may be used to increase peoples' awareness on the preventative protection against the possible risk of attack or misuse of biological agents. The second leaflet with the detailed information may only be used for the purpose of this diploma work, or possibly for training purposes of cooperation of the Integrated Emergency Services and the inhabitants in the given area.
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Methods of Visualization for Diagnostic Aneurysmats Abdominal Aorta
SEDLÁČKOVÁ, Eva
Abstract Methods of Visualization for Diagnostic Aneurysmats Abdominal Aorta The subject of my work is to define frequency of individual methods of vizualization which are used to diagnostic aneurysmats abdominal aorta. The work contains also a research which enabled me to get a view of the role of radiographics at work. The questionnaire which should have found out the role of radiographics during CT and MR angiography, the instrumentaion of the individual working places and some technical parameters passed through at first. The obtained data were worked up two ways and the questionnaire was analysed. The second part of my work was to define the frequency of single methods of vizualization for a certain collection of patients. With the help of data, which were obtained from the system PACS in Nemocnice Na Homolce, the frequency of examinations with ultrasound, angiography, CT and MR angiography was defined. The definition of the radiation loading, which the patients from the collection during CT angiography were screened, followed. I also dealt with the estimate of the radiation loading of each patient during diagnostic angiography. Publications refering to this subject, the questionnaire, the data obtained from PACS and from the operation log of Nemocnice Na Homolce were the main sources to process the information. The method which is used the most frequently to diagnose aneurysmats abdominal aorta is CT angiography with the intravenous application of the contrast medium. Ultrasound is another significant method. It is clear from the questionnaire that responsibilities of radiographics are nearly the same at every working place. My work could be used as studying material for trainers.
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Following the path of discovering fractions
Tichá, Marie
Study on possibilites of utilisation translation between modes of representation as a tool for diagnosing in the course of study of images, level of understanding, misunderstanding and obstacles for understanding of the motion of fraction.
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