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Confrontation of radiation dose of professional in nuclear medicine department in Hradec Králové before and after installation PET/CT, possibilities of monitoring
JANSOVÁ, Martina
This Bachelor Thesis deals with the radiation load of Nuclear Medicine employees of University Hospital Hradec Králové before and after the introduction of PET/CT examinations. Compared with usual examinations with gamma emitters and therapy with open beta emitters, the PET/CT examination method uses positron emitters and is carried out at the Department of Nuclear Medicine of University Hospital Hradec Králové (DNM UHHK). The use of positron emitters leads to increased demand in respect of radiation protection and work organisation. I made an evaluation of doses from personal dosimetry from 2004 until 2008 prior to the introduction of the PET/CT examination methodology; and year 2009 is subsequently assessed in respect of the situation after the introduction of PET/CT examinations. The results of doses are provided in tables. Film dosimeters and thermoluminescence (TL) ring dosimeters had been used for personal dosimetry until 2008. Digital dosimeters have been also used for personal dosimetry since 2009, and they are further included in the comparison of the received radiation doses of employees. The results were used for an evaluation of optimisation of radiation protection at the DNM UHHK.
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Optimalization radiation protection with by using method "cost-benefit". Calculation for power plant Temelín ČEZ, a.s.
FOLTÝN, Pavel
Currently in the area of radiation protection, the principle ALARA (As Low As Reasonable Achievable) is being used. Through this principle the radiation burden of workers with ionising radiation is optimised. One of the economic tools used here is the {\clqq}cost-benefit analysis``. It is one of the first analytical methods which are recommended by the ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) for optimising costs needed to secure radiation protection. The cost benefit analysis is a good and efficient economical tool. With the help of this method it is possible to do the optimisation as well as to prove it. It takes into consideration all significant economic and social factors that are prescribed and recommended. Especially, it can prove that all expositions are kept as low as they are reasonable achievable, while considering the economic angle. Basically, it is a conception which is applicable in all areas of the public as well as private sector, in all areas of human activity. In this thesis some particular examples of using the CBA at the NPP Temelín are shown and compared with the achieved level of RP. Based on that the ALARA system at our workplace is demonstrated. The CB analysis with its extended forms helps to make principal and continuous decisions, and it is an essential factor in protection from harmful effects of ionising radiation. Its main contribution lies in the areas where it is necessary to build additional technical or building barriers. It is very important in designing and building new workplaces with ionising radiation.
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Monitoring the personnel radiation load in percutaneous interventions
SKÁCELOVÁ, Lada
The discovery of ionising radiation at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was a landmark for medicine: the methods based on the principle and effects of ionising radiation are used even in the present medicine to a considerable extent. As early as in the very beginnings, adverse affects of ionising radiation were observed, and from this early period the first references to the need of radiation protection date. The fields of medicine dealing with the application of ionising radiation, whether in the diagnosis or in the therapy of diseases, went through an extensive development in their over hundred-year history. It was in the technical sphere in particular where the most important progress was accomplished, thanks to the ever more advanced instrumentation put on the market, meeting the strict criteria of radiation protection. On the one hand, a large group of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was replaced by new methods (based on ultrasound and magnetic resonance) that are not based on ionising radiation, and thus the patient or the attending personnel are not exposed to the harmful effects of the radiation. On the other hand, the interventional radiology has attained an unprecedented expansion. With the development of new interventional methods and procedures, the number and duration of interventions has been growing. The radiation load to which the intervening personnel are exposed has thus been rising despite the state-of-the-art instrumentation. The theoretical part of the dissertation describes the origin and types of the ionising radiation, its properties and interactions with the environment; a proportional part has been devoted to the biological effects of the radiation. The prime attention has been concentrated on radiation protection, its objectives, principles and methods of radiation protection. An overview of the current legislation and list of requirements on the radiation monitoring has been elaborated. In the chapter on personal dosimetry, the fundamental relations and quantities used in the radiation dosimetry have been described, as well as the types of personal dosimeters and protective equipment. In the practical part, the radiation load of the personnel attending percutaneous interventions in the department of interventional radiology of the Clinic of Radiology of the Teaching Hospital Olomouc was measured. Personal electronic radiation dosimeters Rados, type RAD 60S, were used. All the data obtained were processed using statistical methods, and, on the basis of the results thus obtained, the effectiveness of protection was determined, and the importance of the observation of the principles of radiation hygiene was evaluated. The presumed use of the results of this work in practice is in the optimisation of procedures and measures leading to the maximum possible reduction of the radiation load in percutaneous interventions, and to the education and guidance of personnel towards consequential compliance with all principles of the radiation hygiene.
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Application of atomic law into a practice of radiology assistant
VOJTKOVÁ, Magdalena
The work of radiologist assistants results from the Act No.13/2002 Coll., Atomic Act, and from executive regulations and must accord with their wording. Practical application of the Act is important especially for radiation protection of patients and medical staff during work with ionizing radiation. The aim of the thesis was to judge from this point of view the radiologist´s activity at my work place in Institution of Imaging Methods in a Teaching Hospital of Saint Anna, Brno. Keeping of legislative rules would confirm their practical applicability and would establish the competency extent of radiologist assistant during performance of his/ her medical job. In methodological process I chose from the text of Atomic Act and from appropriate decrees the parts dealing with radiologist assistant´s activities in a sphere of radiodiagnostics and compared them with their practical keeping. I think, according to results, that radiologist´s work corresponds wording in§7 Radiologist assistant from decree No.424/2004 Coll. Radiologist assistant keeps rules of practical carrying out all treatments stated in §60 Statement on medical irradiation, in§62 Optimalization of radiation protection and in §63 Process of medical irradiation from decree No. 307/202 Coll. Thanks to this thesis I have deepened my knowledge dealing with Atomic Act. My conclusions can serve to radiologist assistants as a basic survey of important rules resulting from Atomic Act that they must keep in accord with these rules.
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Methods of checking the observance of diagnostic reference levels in the field of radiodiagnostics
KROUPOVÁ, Helena
Methods of Checking the Observance of Diagnostic Reference Levels in the Field of Radio diagnostics Although there is a simultaneous development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, perfection of instrumentation and means for personnel and patient protection, there is also an effort to reduce applied doses. In this way, medical irradiation caused by ionizing radiation used in medicine represents a significant contribution to the total dose of ionizing radiation that a person is exposed. Today the medical radiation in the Czech Republic comprises more than ninety per cent of radiation from an artificial source and approximately one ninth from the total population radiation. Evaluation of professional doctor radiation and X-ray devices attendance has been safeguarded within the personal dosimetry for many decades. However, systematic monitoring of doses related to medical radiation of the patient is a relatively new problem in the radiodiagnostics sphere. According to the Council directive 97/43/EUROATOM requirement, the SUJB has stated the so called ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} within enclosure number 9, Regulation No. 307/2002 Coll., about radiation protection. These ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} are dose levels within medical radiation and their exceeding is not expected at the 70 kg adult patient medical examination in the case of correct practice. The systematic exceeding of diagnostic reference levels under clinical practice conditions is the reason for reconsideration of radiation protection optimalization at a given workplace. In accordance with the proposal of the National Radiology Standards for Radiology Physics, the author team recommends the monitoring extension of the patient radiating load related to a particular medical radiation by specifying the local diagnostic reference levels, typical for a given type of workplace at a particular keeper, and their continuous verification within the clinical examination of the standard group of patients. Generally, the doses can be determined in two ways: by exposure parameter calculation or by product measure of area kerma, which is generally implemented by special devices, so called DAP meters. The aim of the work is the description of both methods, their comparison and the evaluation of the method effectiveness at various types of sciagrammatic workplaces.
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The conventional imaging techniques in radiology with a view to the musculosceletar system (the educational program)
NEUMANN, Petr
This paper provides information on the role of an X-ray technician in conventional imaging techniques in musculoskeletal system affections. An X-ray technician is expected to provide imaging of the demanded part of human body at least on the level of diagnostic acceptability while all principles of radiation protection, ethic rules, and the rights of a patient are respected. The first part of the paper describes the formation and creation of an X-ray image, it provides a short history and describes the X-ray equipment needed to provide a quality imaging of musculoskeletal system. In the next part the description of imaging techniques is given in dependance on the demand of the indicating physician and also of the folowing medical treatment when, in many cases, the assistence of an X-ray technician is necessary. Better training and information of the the X-ray technician result in higher quality care for patients, in better communication between the personnel and the patients and it may also result in decrease of radiation charge of patients while a high quality of imaging is preserved. In the conlusion of the paper mistakes in imaging are shown that arose from poor communication between the physician and the X-ray technician, ignorance of the therapeutic procedure by the X-ray technician respectively. The false X-ray images are taken from a file of patients who were treated in the radiodiagnostic department of Oblastní nemocnice Kolín, a.s. in the period from 1st January 2007 to 30th June 2007. They were diagnosed with hip joint affection or affection of proximal part of femur.
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The atomic law and its application for utilization of significant X-ray sources (skiagraphy workplaces)
MAŠKOVÁ, Zuzana
In my thesis I dealt with the Atomic act and its application for important source of ionizing radiation at skiagraphy workplace. I worked out factual requirements of related legislation in order to obtain the licence of the State Office for Nuclear Safety for using an important source of ionizing radiation, to be specific, skiagraphic device in medical workplaces. Further, I worked out the real duties of permission holder and the requirements to ensure the radiation protection of patients and staff service. The aim of my thesis was to ease the orientation in contemporary legislation to the applicants for ``permission on treatment with important sources of ionizing radiation``, to give information how to proceed in elaboration of documents required for separate licensed activities and how to eliminate ossible insufficiencies and faults which are the most common in State Office for Nuclear Safety checking.
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Monitoring and comparison of radiation dose of patient and physician during examination of brain arteries with single plane (conventional) digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and biplane DSA
SLAVÍKOVÁ, Jana
In experimental part I deal with measurement of radiation dose of the staff and patients in angiography examination of brain arteries.I compare the measurements with the use of single plane and biplane DSA and radiation dose of patients. The measurement was carried out with Siemens Axiom Artis Biplane machines at radiodiagnostic department in"Na Homolce"hospital. For the calculation of dose the programme Effdose version was chosen. I also compare measurement in physicians during angiography examination at radiodiagnostic department in České Budějovice hospital and in {\clqq}Na Homolce" hospital in Prague. For these purposes electronic personal dosimeters EPD Mk2 ( Siemens firm) were used. All results were worked out into graphic charts for better clarity.In the end of my work the proposals and measures, how to reduce radiation dose which is necessary in these angiography examinations, are described.
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RADIATION PROTECTION OF PATIENT WITH USING INTENSITY MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY (ImRT) {--} DOSIMETRIC VERIFICATION OF TREATMENT PLAN.
KLEČKOVÁ, Naděžda
Nowadays more and more radiotherapy departments use intensity modulated beams for treatment of patients. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (ImRT) is able to modificate intensity of radiation across the iradiated field. In this way it is posible to achieve better dose conformity than in conventional radiotherapy. Implementation of ImRT allows us to escalate dose to target volume with same side effects of organs at risk as in conventional radiotherapy or to reduce normal tissue complication - decrease dose to organ at risk with the same tumour dose. This fact reguires extension of our guality system to all network of delivery dose to patients, inclusive linear accelerator with multileaf collimator, treatment planning system, electronic portal imaging device and so on. Quality assurance is guaranteed both periodical user tests and independent verification of The State Office for Nuclear Safety. The aim of this work is finding the optimal and effective way for the verification treatment plans, determining criteria for evaluation measured results, proposing summary all aspects of radiation protection patients which are treate ionisation beams with intensity modulated radiotherapy. The optimization one of the principles of radiation protection will be provided by routin verification treatment plans.
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Monitoring of the carbon-14 in the gaseous releases from the Temelín NPP and its environmental distribution
VALÁŠEK, Michal
This work deals with monitoring of the radiocarbon in the gaseous effluents from the Temelín nuclear power plant and its distribution in the environment. The reader should gain a comprehensive image about level of radiocarbon monitoring in ventilation systems in the Temelín nuclear power plant and in the surrounding environment. The work is divided into several parts. Some basic information of physics, chemistry and radiobiology relating to radiocarbon are given in the first part. The origin of radiocarbon in VVER reactor, its pathway to gaseous releases and then to carbon cycle in the environment are described there too. This introductory part continues with description of monitoring methods used in ventilation systems of the Temelín nuclear power plant and in the surrounding environment. Summary of Czech Republic legislation related to radiation protection is stated. The aim of the work and hypothesis are set in the second part. In the third part there are methods used to fulfil the aim of the work. The results in the form of tables and graphs are in the fourth part. In the following part there is a discussion of summarized data and results. Developed findings are summarized in the last part of this work.
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