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Zimování včelstva
Babica, Ondřej
In the breeding of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), the good health of the bee colony is an important prerequisite for successful overwintering. The condition of the colonies is affected by environmental influences, the influence of genetics or the health status of the bees. Well-developed pharyngeal glands allow bee feeders to provide developing larvae with quality royal jelly. The longevity of the winter generation of bees is influenced by a many of physiological factors, which distinguish them from summer short-lived bees. The main factors of longevity appear to be the level of proteins in the hemolymph, especially vitellogenin, the level of juvenile hormone or the pheromone ethyl oleate. The natural immune system or the effects of oxidative stress also play an important role in the overwintering of colonies. Recently, overwintering is threatened by viral infections transmitted by varroa mite.
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Obranné reakce hmyzu vůči intoxikaci: modelový druh včela medonosná
PROKŮPKOVÁ, Nela
This bachelor thesis aimed to characterize the effect of imidacloprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) on nutrient levels (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) in haemolymph, on the activity of digestive enzymes (amylases, proteases, lipases) in the gut, and on adipokinetic hormone and biogenic amine levels in the central nervous system of the worker honeybees Apis mellifera. The insecticide was applied topically to the bee body at a dose of 0,04 micrograms per bee. The above-mentioned characteristics were measured 24 hours after insecticide application. The results showed that the effect of imidacloprid on the nutrient level in haemolymph was variable - the level of carbohydrates and proteins decreased, while the level of lipids increased. The activity of digestive enzymes in the gut increased (proteases, lipases) after the application of imidacloprid. On the other hand, the levels of adipokinetic hormone and biogenic amines in the central nervous system were reduced.
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Effect of pollination on seedset and yield of buckwheat (\kur{Fagopyrum esculentum}).
NOLČ, Radek
Common buckwheat is a attracting plant for many pollinators, therefore it be helping to restore biodiversity in the landscape. The most important of pollinators of buc kwheat are honeybee and hoverflies. The aim of this thesis was to find out effect of pollination of buckwheat sown with honeybees and the others pollinators on the seed set and yield of archenes in different varieties of buckwheat. A small-plot field experiment was established with three varieties of common buckwheat in the Pilsen Region, in the place of Zábělá. Before flowering began, half of the plots were covered with insect screens. The buckwheat stand was evaluated from the point of: plants height, number of branches, number of flowers and inflorescences on a plant, nectar volume in Thrum flowers, flowering time, number of archenes on a plant, the weight of thousand of archenes and the yield of archenes. Monitoring of pollinators was performed at the time of buckwheat flowering at 9, 10, 11, 12 and 14 hours, during 10 minutes, using photos. Nectar collection took place on five consecu tive days, from 16. 7. until 20. 7., at 9, 10 and 11 hours. Total of 31 insect species were recorded on buckwheat flowers. The most common effective pollinators of buckwheat were honeybees, (39,7 %) and hoverflies (37,5 %). The significant difference in nectar production was found among the tested buckwheat varieties. The yield of achenes on covered plants was 87 % lower than on freely accessible plants.
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Monitoring of Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcus plutonius and Ascosphaera apis pathogens in honeybee colonies in the Czech Republic
JOSKOVÁ, Markéta
The aim of this thesis was to summarize the theoretical informations about biology of honeybees and bacteries Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius and parasitic fungi Ascosphaera apis. This organisms attack bee larvae and cause bee diseases. The major part of this thesis was focused on the evaluation of the occurrence of these pathogens in various places in Czech Republic by isolating bee DNA from more than 200 bee samples from 50 locations within whole Czech Republic. Detection pathogens was performed using PCR method. There were 3 samples positive for Paenibacillus larvae and 4 positive for Melissococcus plutonius. The fungus Ascospheara apis did not occur in any of the samples.
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Molecular characterisation of microsporidia causing nosematosis in bees
HANUŠOVÁ, Adéla
Microsporidia of the genera Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae cause bee intestinal disease, which is widespread throughout the world, including the Czech Republic. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to evaluate the occurrence of Nosema in various places in the Czech Republic. The literature contains only a limited amount of information about nosematosis caused by both microsporidia. In total, over 135 samples were taken from 27 sites. Samples were taken from November 2019 to January 2020. Sampling took place in the vicinity of large cities, in their vicinity, where the landscape was cultivated and in places with little agricultural impact. After analysis of the obtained samples by PCR, the vast majority of microsporidia of Nosema cerenae was present, while Nosema apis was nowhere.
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Monitoring of floral visitors and their importance on comon buckwheat
NOLČ, Radek
Common buckwheat is a crop that attracts many pollinators. The most important of these is honeybee. The aim of this bachelor's thesis was to find out what share of honeybee is on the pollination of common buckwheat and what its significance for the yield of archenes at different sowing times. A small-plot field experiment was established in the Pilsen Region, in the place of Zábělá, on three sowing times (1st May, 1st June and 1st July 2019).The buckwheat stand was evaluated from the point of: flowering time, total vegetation time of the stand, number of inflorescences and flowers on a plant, number of archenes on a plant, the weight of thousand of archenes and the yield of archenes. Monitoring of pollinators was performed at the time of buckwheat flowering at 9, 11 and 14 hours, during 10 minutes, using photos. The share of honeybees on the pollination of buckwheat was 29% of effective pollinators. A total of 24 insect species were recorded on buckwheat flowers. The highest number of buckwheat pollinators was recorded in July (21 species). The most common effective pollinator of buckwheat were hoverflies (57%). The most visits of honeybees were recorded at the second sowing time (on 1 June 2019), which also had the highest expected yield.
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Telomerase activity pattern in somatic tissues of the bumblebee (B. terrestris)
FREYTAG, Matilda Emily
In this thesis it was determined if the telomerase activity pattern of primitive eusocial insects, like Bombus terrestris (bumblebee), differs from the one already previously found in advanced eusocial insects, like for example Apis mellifera (honeybee). The telomerase activity of the somatic fat body tissue and the telomerase activity of larvae of B.terrestris were tested using TRAP assay. Possible influences of the life cycle of primitive eusocial insects, the mating process of queens and the endocrine regulation on the observed telomerase activity patterns are discussed.
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Honeybee parasites and their influence on the gut microbiome.
Řezníková, Johanka ; Tachezy, Jan (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Given the great ecological and economic importance of the honeybee, the health of honeybee colonies is under intense research. The scientific community is desperately trying to understand the heavy losses in the honeybee population, which we are currently facing. The reduction in their population could be caused by insecticides, weather, diet composition, disruption gut microbiome, some bacteria, viruses, and parasites. A lot of information is known about individual stress factors, less so about the interaction between them. This work is therefore focused on summarising information about a few chosen honeybee parasites with consideration for their effect on the microbiome of the digestive tract. There were chosen six of the most important and commonly discussed species of parasites: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim, Varroa destructor, and Acarapis woodi. The first chapter is dedicated to the honeybee, its taxonomy, anatomy, life in the colony, and defense against pathogens. The second chapter discusses more details of the intestinal microbiome of bees, its composition, function, and disturbance. The following sections focus on individual bee parasites and their effect on the host's intestinal microbiome.
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Paenibacillus larave destroying the honeybees (Apis mellifera) population
Haltufová, Kristýna ; Hubert, Jan (advisor) ; Kamler, Martin (referee)
Paenibacillus larvae is Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria. This pathogen threatens one of the most considerable worldwide pollinators - the honeybee (Apis mellifera). It is causative agent of bee disease called American foulbrood. Although it affects only bee larvae, preferably on the first day of its live, it is highly contagious and could quickly destroy whole bee colony. Adult bees are not susceptible to infection, however due to huge spores resilient of P. larvae, they perform the role of main disease vector. Also the careless beekeepers make it easier to spread. Bee diseases are enquired by state veterinary administration, because honeybee is classified as a livestock. If disease evolves to clinic phase, infected bees and hive with all tools must be burned. American foulbrood is one of the most deleterious bee diseases. This bachelor thesis discuss about problems of whole disease and it is focused on the interactions between bacteria Paenibacillus larvae, hymenoptera insect honeybee and human factor presented by beekeepers, state veterinary administration and corresponding laws. Key words: Paenibacillus larvae, American Foulbrood, entomopathogenic bacteria, Apis mellifera, honeybee
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Chalkbrood desease detection in honeybees
PROKOPOVÁ, Tereza
Chalkbrood disease is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Ascophaera apis, which attacks and kills bee larvae. It´s most common in weak colonies ,that have a poor cleansing soil and don´t properly remove calcareous agents. The ideal solution is to exchange the bee mother, which will increase the cleansing instinct of the bees, which then completely removes the infection. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to master the methodology of the analysis of the occurrence of Ascosphaera apis using the PCR method, to acquire routine procedures used in the laboratory including DNA isolation and to elaborate a professional research on the topic. In the theoretical part of the thesis I describe the fungal disease of chalkbrood and its influence on the infected bee. Further, I describe in detail methods that are used for the detection of diseases such as DNA isolation, PCR and gel electrophoresis. In the practical part, which I did in the laboratories of the Biotechnology Center, which is part of the Department of Genetics and Plant Production at the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, I describe in detail the exact methods used in the detection of this disease and the evaluation of my own results.
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