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Management of Breast Cancer
Šimková, Veronika ; Střítecký, Rudolf (advisor) ; Lešetický, Ondřej (referee)
Breast tumors are not only main incidence of tumor based load of women population, but they are still the most common cause of death in the area of tumor diseases. 1950 women dies on breast tumors every year, which is 37 out of 100 thousand women. Overall are breast tumors cause of deaths in 3.5% women in population. Despite still growing incidence of breast tumors, death rate caused by this type of tumor stagnate on long tearm basis, which clearly shows improvement in treatment success mostly thanks to higher finding in earlier stages. In our country is in 28 years evident shift of incidence into younger age groups, which starts to be obvious in age group of 40-44 years already. Today's prevention possibilities are on high level. It depend's only on patients themselves, if they will obey these rules. At early finding illness of breast carcinoma is prognosis of recovery high. Because of this disease topicality I've decided to process this topic and expand my knowledge.
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Radiotherapy of small cell lung cancer
KORDÍKOVÁ, Jitka
Of all lung cancers, small cell lung cancer ( SCLS ) occurs with frequency of 25 - 30%. Patient with small cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy with or without chest irradiation. Without treatment, small cell carcinoma of the lung has the most aggressive clinical course of any type of pulmonary tumor, with median survival from diagnosis of only 2 to 4 months. Small cell carcinoma has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis but is much more responsive to chemotherapy and irradiation. The aim of this work was to assess irradiation of the chest for small cell lung cancer among patients treatment in years 1990 {--}1995 and patients treatment in years 2000-2005 in the hospital České Budějovice a.s. I´m processed the data about average age, sex, disease range, treatment type, irradiation mode, medical answer and median of survival. Small cell lung cancer is most frequent disease in the men, but also this disease increases in the women. The age rang is 37 {--} 79 years. The average age is 60,7 years. The stage third and fourth is most frequent disease rang. The irradiation techniques are mostly used - 11x3Gy, 20x2Gy, 25x1,8Gy. The median of survival was 8 months. The patients treated only with irradiation was the median of survival 4 months. The patients treated with combination irradiation and chemotherapy was median of survival 10 months. It is advisable to use chemotherapy. Radiotherapy plays an extremely important role in palliation of symptoms of the primary tumor and of metastatic disease, particularly brain and bone metastazes.
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Toxic effects of Radiotherapy for Female Patients over 60 Years of Age with Gynecological Tumors
POLODNOVÁ, Šárka
Cervical cancer and cancer within the body of the uterus are the most frequent cancers of the female reproductive organs, the incidence of which is on the rise. Every year, more than 1,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in the Czech Republic, as well as 1,500 cases of endometrial cancer. Surgical treatment and external radiotherapy are used during therapy and, in some cases, it is combined with brachytherapy and chemotherapy. I focused on the early toxicity of radiotherapy, which can be a limiting factor for the completion of treatment, especially in older patients. The investigated sample consists of 100 female patients who were divided into 4 groups, according to age and the primary diagnosis of these patients. Each group consists of 25 women. Patients in the first group are represented in a group of those under 60 years of age with cervical cancer; the average age is 48 years. The second group consists of patients with the same diagnosis, but who are over 60 years of age; the average age is 66 years. The third group consists of patients who are under 60 years of age who have uterine cancer; the average age is 54 years. The 4th group consists of patients who are over 60 years of age with uterine cancer; the average age is 71 years. All patients were irradiated at the Oncological Clinic of České Budějovice Hospital. In my thesis, I compared the toxicity of radiotherapy in the group of younger patients with the group of the older patients. Hematological toxicity was more frequently identified in older patients, be it the malignant cervical cancer (76%) or the endometrial cancer (52%). In younger patients, hematological complications occurred less frequently (cervix {--} 52%, body of uterus {--} 24%). Serious grade 4 toxicity was identified in one patient over 60 years of age with separate pelvis radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Grade 3 toxicity was identified in one patient from the younger group and in one patient from the older group with combined treatment for cervical cancer. In regard to non-hematological complications, toxicity was more severe in older patients too. The incidence of diarrhea in the over 60-year-olds was 64% as opposed to 48% in the younger group. The stated hypothesis of higher toxicity of treatment for older patients was confirmed during my research.
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Awareness of patients about diagnostics and therapy of malignant gynecologic tumours
PLOJHAROVÁ, Anna
Three goals were set for the work. The first one was to find out whether women see their gynecologists once a year for the recommended preventive examination. The second goal was to asses the level of awareness among women regarding diagnostics and therapy of malignant gynecological tumours. The third goal of the work was to find out whether women are sufficiently informed about possible prevention and protection against cancer development. In connection with these goals three hypotheses were set to validate them. The first hypothesis supposed that women do not undergo yearly preventive examinations. It has not been validated by the research. The second hypothesis, that women are sufficiently informed about gynecological diseases, has proved to be correct. The third hypothesis, that women are sufficiently informed about prevention against cancer development, has also turned out to be correct.
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Analysis of deviations in the localization of radiation fields in the course of radiation by means of EPID in patients with tumours in head and neck
GRABMÜLLEROVÁ, Hana
Oncology diseases are serious and alarming problems in the world and our country, too. The most common ENT tumours affect larynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. The factor which causes the occurrence of tumours is smoking. Chronic thermal excitation, pH changes of mucous membrane and vasoconstriction caused by nicotine can also participate in the occurrence of malign changes. Among other etiological factors belong: alcohol, U radiation, ionizing radiation, transport and industry exhalations, nutritional exhaustion, and immunodeficiency. Current treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, cytostatic chemotherapy, hormone therapy, bio therapy and their combinations. The prosperity of oncology patients is 22% by surgery, 18 % by radiotherapy and 5% by chemotherapy. Radio therapy remains the basic treatment of oncology diseases. According to the newest knowledge and requests its quality is ensured. The accuracy of radiation treatment and the increases in therapeutic results are developed. The risk of over dosing, which leads to the occurrence of many complications, and also the risk of under dosing, which decreases the chance of the complete cure, decline. Quality assurance is currently carried out on electronic portal image device EPID (Electronic Portal Imaging). The reason of permitted small deviation (0,3cm) in tumours of head and neck is the proximity of critical organs to the target volume and often small radiated volumes. The aim of the thesis was the analysis of the group of patients with the tumours of head and neck treated at oncology department in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. (Hospital in České Budějovice Inc.) by the form of portal evaluation. The hypothesis was average deviation 0,3cm in localization of radiated fields in the evaluated group. The analysis of deviations in localization of radiation fields in the course of radiation of evaluated group was carried out. The gained deviations were compared with the data in professional literature. The methodology included the characteristics of evaluated group of patients according to radiation posture, fixation of a patient, radiation technique, localization of tumour, the extent of disease TNM, patient´s age and sex-a man, a woman. The evaluation was carried out by means of EPID for particular radiation fields. Statistically, maximum, minimum and average deviation in localization of radiation fields was evaluated and the results were compared with the hypothesis by means of the test {$\psi$}2. The presupposed hypothesis was not proved. From the measured data it was found out that in practice acquired deviations are smaller than deviations presupposed by the hypothesis. The important part of radio therapeutic practice is the programme of Quality Assurance (QA). The results will serve the workers of radiation oncology in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. (Hospital in České Budějovice Inc.) for evaluation of radiotherapy quality in the tumours of head and neck.
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Health education in relation to prevention cancer breast.
VÍTKOVÁ, Adéla
Health Education in relation to Breast Cancer Prevention was not a topic chosen coincidentally. The fact that I encountered this illness in my own family contributed to my decision. I read over and collect a lot of information. There is an inexhaustible amount of publications, references, associations, commercial and medial projects, though the breast cancer diagnosis is on the top position of mortality causes not only in the Czech Republic but worldwide. In the course of collecting all data I found out that there exists the only prevention - early diagnostics and screening, on which I focused in the second part of my thesis. Health Education is the ideal instrument for preventive education programme and its further promotion. That is why I hope that comprehensive elaboration of this topic will be used as a methodological source.
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Informovanost matek o možnostech prevence rakoviny děložního čípku u svých dcer
KLÍMOVÁ, Dagmar
The Bachelor Thesis themed ``Informedness of mothers about possibilities of suppository uterine cancer prevention at their daughters{\crqq} has a research character. The thesis is divided into two parts, the theoretical and practical one. The theoretical part is divided into ten main chapters. First chapter is dedicated to anatomy of genital tract, urinary bladder and rectum. Second chapter describes risk factors of suppository uterine carcinoma and in third chapter I focus on Human papilloma virus. In fourth chapter I describe the suppository uterine carcinoma and in fifth chapter the disease diagnosis. Sixth chapter describes suppository uterine carcinoma treatment, seventh chapter contains the disease prognosis. Eighth chapter is dedicated to a preventive gynaecological examination and ninth chapter to the possibilities of the suppository uterine carcinoma prevention. The last chapter contains a description of a role of a midwife in the area of suppository uterine carcinoma prevention. The practical part is focused on a research of informedness of mothers about possibilities of prevention. The aim of the thesis was to find out the informedness of mothers about the possibilities of suppository uterine cancer prevention at their daughters. In the hypothesis I assumed that mothers are informed about the possibilities of suppository uterine cancer prevention at their daughters. My hypothesis has been verified. To verify or exclude the hypothesis I used the method of a questionnaire, which contained 33 questions. In total 150 questionnaires were distributed, from which 129 were returned. The return rate was 86%. In conclusion of the thesis is mentioned the knowledge based on the theoretical and practical parts. The last part contains annexes related to the theme. I would like to introduce the results of my research to medical staff at professional seminars, especially to midwives and gynaecologists in hospitals and outpatient facilities.
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Use of methods nuclear medicine in endocrinology
PEŠTÁLOVÁ, Petra
The contemporary situation of the nuclear medicine is desrcibed and its head using in heamadenology is hit in my diploma thesis. The most important points of anatomy and physiology concerning endocrines are revised in brief in the begining of my thesis. The next part is devoted to the possibilities of nuclear medicine in thyroid gland diagnosis. In the following part the possibilities of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla investigation are presented. The entire part of nuclear medicine and its using in heamadenology is the open emmiters therapy. Therefore the last part of my thesis is dedicated to thyroid gland tumour therapy per radioactive iodine.Thyroid gland carcinoma can recur after many years. Therefore all the patients having this diagnosis are observed for life. Some nuclear medicine methods also serve for it.
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Složení cystické tekutiny prsu jako možný ukazatel míry rizika vzniku karcinomu. : Abstrakt
Šimíčková, M. ; Pecen, Ladislav ; Eben, Kryštof ; Nekulová, M. ; Černoch, M. ; Lang, B. ; Rejthar, A. ; Sakalová, J. ; Vojtová, I. ; Kudličková, Z.
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