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Specifics of nursing care for clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Romana
The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by the restriction of air flow in the bronchi. It is a combination of two diseases: chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. Because the symptoms of both diseases blend, the joint name ?chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? is used. It is a neutrophil inflammation that causes irreversible changes. The most common cause of the disease is smoking tobacco products.The aim of this bachelor?s work is to determine the specifics of nursing and refer to the specific needs of patients. If nurses should provide high-quality care, they must be aware of these specifics when treating patients with this particular disease. The role of the nurses in this area is very important as they must approach patients individually. The nurses provide specific nursing care and educate patients. The theoretical part of the work focuses on the characteristics of the disease, its causes, treatment or prevention and nursing activities performed by nurses. The practical part of the work was processed in the form of qualitative research by means of a semi-structured interview. The research sample was represented by patients from pulmonary hospitals and pulmonary departments of hospitals in the Plzeň region and the Central Bohemian region. In total, eight respondents participated in the research. According to interviews, case reports were executed based on which categorized tables were executed with the most interesting data.It arises from the results that the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease brings various problems, and a patient and nurse must be able to solve them and be aware of them. Further, it is obvious that informedness of patients, and the wider public, could be more detailed because this disease stands on the first place in the list of civilization diseases and there are increasingly more patients with this disease. Thus, a brochure was executed based on the results with the aim to provide information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.This information brochure can be used for study purposes or for patients with this disease.
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The Introduction of Immunohistochemistry in Laboratory Practice for Prostate Disease
Němečková, Lenka ; Semecký, Vladimír (advisor) ; Herink, Josef (referee)
The introduction of immunohistochemistry in laboratory practice for prostate disease Němečková Lenka ABSTRACT Increased incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has been associated with age of men. The quality of lives gets worse in men with BPH. Higher numbers of reported malignant tumours of prostate with age of men, too. Adenocarcinoma of prostate (CaP) was the most frequently diagnosed oncological disease in males after other malignant neoplasms of skin. Physical examination and laboratory methods, especially the measurement of prostatic specific antigen (PSA) in serum, are applied in the diagnosis of CaP. The histological examination of tissue sample obtained by needle biopsy of the prostate confirms the diagnosis of CaP. The immunohistochemical examination of histological sections helps to differentiate malignant and benign prostatic glands in tissue of prostate usually using antibody anti - high molecular weight cytokeratins (HMW CK) highlighting basal cell of benign prostatic glands. Basal cell is missing in malignant glands. Method of immunohistochemistry was introduced and is used in the diagnosis of CaP in the histology laboratory at department of Pathology in Oblastní nemocnice Náchod (ONN). In the laboratory needle prostate biopsies are investigate using monoclonal antibody anti - HMW CK...
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EATING BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES RELATED TO EATING DISORDERS IN MALE POPULATION
KOUBKOVÁ, Magda
Eating disorders have been studied from different points of view lately. They have occured in the centre of various psychiatric and psychologic diagnostics and therapy surveys and they have also been analysed as a sociocultural element of our lifestyle norms, our values and image standards. The number of men and women suffered from these disorders cannot be neither compared nor omitted. It is statistically clear that about ten per cent of anorexics and bulimics are male patients. Going West, the number of male patients is increasing. These disorders in men are usually connected with jobs, mostly those such as jockeys, gymnasts and dancers. Bulimia and anorexia are reported as typically women disorders therefore men hardly any time concede they can suffer from this problem and need a specialist´s advice.. The aim of the work has been to map eating behaviour, a lifestyle, physical activities and risk factors responsible for eating disorder incidence such as a distorted view of the body and being on a diet among men between the ages of 15 to 30. A quantitative technique approach using questionnaires was applied. There were stated four hypotheses concerning the relation between body acceptance and physical activities, methods used for body weight control and differences in lifestyles of secondary school students.
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Identifikace aktivity štítné žlázy a pravděpodobnostní odhadování absorbovaných dávek v nukleární medicíně
Jirsa, Ladislav ; Quinn, A. ; Varga, F.
The Bayesian identification of a linear regression model (called the biphasic model) for time dependence of thyroid gland activity in 131I radiotherapy is presented. Prior knowledge is elicited via hard parameter constraints and via the merging of external information from an archive of patient records. This prior regularization is shown to be crucial in the reported context, where data typically comprise only two or three high-noise measurements. The posterior distribution is simulated via a Langevin diffusion algorithm, whose optimization for the thyroid activity application is explained. Excellent patient-specific predictions of thyroid activity are reported. The posterior inference of the patient-specific total radiation dose is computed, allowing the uncertainty of the dose to be quantified in a consistent form. The relevance of this work in clinical practice is explained.
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Thermo-mechanical and isothermal fatigue behavior of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L
Škorík, Viktor ; Šulák, Ivo ; Obrtlík, Karel ; Polák, Jaroslav
Many structural components of nuclear power plant systems are made of austenitic stainless steels. These structures undergo degradation by thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) caused by simultaneous cyclic straining and temperature cycling, particularly during start-up, shut-down and transient operations. The present work reports the cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue damage of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L during TMF and isothermal fatigue (IF) testing in air. Total strain controlled in-phase TMF loading in the temperature range 200 - 600 °C and isothermal fatigue (IF) at 600 °C were performed. Hardening/softening curves, cyclic stress-strain response and fatigue life diagrams were obtained both for TMF and IF tests. Fatigue damage was documented using surface relief and fracture surface observations. Mean stress evolution and fatigue degradation data are employed to discuss the fatigue behavior of 316L steel both in TMF and IF regimes.
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Formation and mode liquidation waste from Hospital Prachatice a.s.
RODOVÁ, Kateřina
The thesis deals with the issue of waste management from hospitals. This issue includes their production, sorting, collection, storage and disposal. In 1991 the first law about waste in the Czech republic was created. Till this time the waste management was not priority and waste disposal was not sensible. Currently, more attention is paid to the management of medical waste. The lay public can not imagine what kind of waste occur in health care and how it tis disposed. Health facilities are big producers of different kind of waste which is health risk not even from injuries but also risk of serious infections. Waste is often dangerous and its disposal must be separated from other communal waste. Liquidation and disposal of waste from health facility requires observance of the legislation law, regulations and goverment regulations including a catalog of waste. Many people come into contact with waste from health facility. Waste can threats patients, medical staff and other staff which is involved in handling it or involved in disposing of waste. Improper waste disposal can threaten population and also have negative inpact on the environment. The Hospital Prachatice a.s. is quite large company that produces large amount of waste. These wastes are additionally characterized by great diversity and waste management is not a simple matter. No only medical personnel and other staff are producers of waste in health facility but also outpatients or hospital patients contribute to total volume of produced waste by large proportion. The firt step to reduce the cost of waste disposal is the minimization of its occurrence. This step requires properly trained medical staff and in some cases also acquiring new working practices. For correct sorting of waste are needed other requisites such as well chosen and correct collection means, their correct labeling and their safety. Waste management in Hospital Prachatice a.s. is in accordance with the law. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part contains the issue of waste produced in healthcare facilities. Then, there is a characteristic of waste from healthcare facilities and their classification. The significant section is devoted to the applicable legislation and the main strategic EU documents and EU directives of waste. The study also mentioned the correct waste management and their sorting and collection. The practical part was processed using qualitative research - a secondary analysis of data. Analyzed data was obtained from annual reports of Hospital Prachatice a.s. and from operating rules of waste management. For research was chosen the time period 2008-2014. For clarity the resulting data were subsequently processed in tabular and grafical forms in Microsoft Excel. As next research method was used semistructured interview which was conducted with employees in selected health care facility. Next, in theoretical part was made qualitive research. This survey was conducted through semi-structured interviews whose aim was to determine the knowledge of workers from selected medical waste facilities. The obtained results have pointed out on issue of medical waste and their potential influence. This thesis could be used as a source of informations for curre
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Rate of investigation users of drugs
VÁVROVÁ, Marie
This diploma thesis is focused on testing drug users. Specifically, this thesis is concerned with testing drug users in low-threshold centres.These low-threshold centres for drug users operate in the area of secondary and tertiary prevention. Furthermore, it describes individual diseases such as HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis, their mode of transmission, clinical course, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention, drug policy of the Czech Republic, the conditions for testing the abovementioned diseases in low-threshold centres and the legal framework for testing at these facilities.The practical part is divided into several research studies.The qualitative research is aimed at low-threshold centres. In this part, I am trying to determine the number of HIV, HBV and HCV tests performed in 2014. Next, the purpose of this section is also to define where the testing takes place and who is tested. The research data were obtained using a questionnaire distributed to the low-threshold centres in the CR. According to the Annual Report on Drug Epidemiology from 2014, there are 76 low-threshold centres in the Czech Rep. A total of 32 questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire consisted of 32 questions. Close-ended questions were used to detect the type of facility, whether the facility carries out tests for the chosen types of diseases, what type of test is used, who performs the testing and where the testing is carried out. Open-ended questions were used to determine the number of people tested. The qualitative research consists of 18 interviews with drug users from the Contact Centre Český Krumlov. Thanks to its field program, this centre operates in Český Krumlov, Větřní, Kaplice, Horní Planá, Loučovice, Frymburk, Vyšší Brod and in border regions such as Horní and Dolní Dvořiště or Studánky where the drug abuse is very problematic. The data were collected using a semistructured anonymous interview. The interview consisted of 4 areas:Data for identification purposes. Drug history.Testing.Awareness.30 questionnaires received from the respondents at the Prevent Contact Centre in České Budějovice can be found in the Appendix. The data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire which consisted of three basic areas. The collected data included drug history and identification information, information about testing for infectious diseases and knowledge of health risks. The thesis states 6 goals. The first 3 goals deal with mapping of HBV, HCV and HIV testing among drug users at low-threshold centres in 2014. The purpose of the fourth goal is to determine how the testing is carried out in low-threshold centres. The fifth goal attempts to establish whether drug users are interested in HBV, HCV and HIV testing. Finally, the sixth goal determines whether drug users were tested in 2014.After processing the results I established the following hypotheses which resulted from the research.H1: Drug users are interested in their health.H2:Drug users are aware of risks that result from these diseases.H3: The possibility of testing at low-threshold centres is not chosen very often by drug users.The research showed that drug users have adequate information about the risks that are associated with drug injection and injecting equipment sharing, but the average amount of performed tests is relatively low.To sum up, drug users need to be constantly informed about the importance of regular testing. In order to increase the number of tested people, it would be advisable to adapt the testing to the users' needs and also to perform more tests within field programs. It would also be helpful to link health facilities to contact centres locally.
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Primary and Secondary Prevention of Colorectal Carcinoma by People over 50
HORNÍKOVÁ, Kateřina
As the title reveals, the thesis deals with primary and secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma among people over 50 years of age. Colorectal carcinoma, i.e. tumour disease of the colon or rectum, is a serious disease with increasing incidence. The Czech Republic has one of the highest incidence rates of this disease and is at the forefront of global statistics. Every year, about 8000 people are diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma in our country and about 4000 patients die of this disease every year. Almost four people out of ten have vicarious experience with colorectal carcinoma, claiming that someone in their immediate vicinity has developed this disease. Early detection of the disease is thus of crucial importance. Prevention and diagnostics play a major role because tumours detected at an early stage can be treated well. It is reported that lifestyle, the right regimen, plenty of physical activity, wholesome food with an appropriate proportion of fibre and vitamins have a 60 to 80 % impact on the development of carcinoma. The disease poses a threat mainly to people over fifty years of age and people with genetic predispositions. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part consists of several chapters. First of all, I will be dealing with the basic anatomy and physiology of the colon and rectum. Then I will be dealing with the colorectal carcinoma itself, its development, symptoms, incidence or epidemiological aspects of the disease in the Czech Republic. I will be dealing with the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma that include age, lifestyle, as well as hereditary predispositions. A large part of the thesis is dedicated to colorectal carcinoma prevention. I will be focusing on primary and secondary prevention, including the faecal occult blood test and colonoscopy. Finally, I will touch on diagnostics and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. The practical part makes use of the research data obtained through a quantitative interrogation method, a questionnaire. The questionnaire was anonymous and included 32 questions. The first group of the questions was focused on basic information about the respondents. The rest of the questions concerned respondents´ awareness of colorectal carcinoma, its risk factors and potential prevention. I explored the respondents´ attitudes to lifestyle, their concern for tumour diseases in general, as well as whether they regularly see their physician. A substantial part of the questionnaire was devoted to questions regarding the occult blood test and colorectal screening. The questionnaire was intended for people over 50 years of age. The purpose of the thesis was to map awareness of the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma, look into awareness of the options of secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma and whether people attend regular screenings. I examined the importance of giving media publicity to the disease and thus related interest in this issue. I wished to know whether there is a gender difference in the interest in undergoing colorectal screening. Four hypotheses were established in the research. Hypothesis 1: People over the age of 50 are informed about the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma. This hypothesis was confirmed. Hypothesis 2: People over the age of 50 know the options of secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma. This hypothesis was only partially confirmed. Hypothesis 3: The number of colorectal screenings undergone by women over the age of 50 is statistically more significant than that of man over 50 years of age. This hypothesis was not confirmed for the occult blood test. However, men underwent colonoscopy more often. Hypothesis 4: The interest in undergoing colorectal screening increases with the level of education attained. The actual proportion of those who underwent an occult blood test or colonoscopy does not differ depending on education, and therefore hypothesis number 4 was not confirmed.
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Nursing inspections and their meaning.
DANIŠOVÁ, Veronika
Present situation Nurse ward round is held at presence of nurses and other carers. A nurse and a patient are in permanent contact so nurse ward rounds have importance both for the nurse and for the patient. Nurse ward rounds are very important to ensure quality nursing work and for satisfaction of biological, psychical, social and spiritual needs of patients. The bachelor thesis "Nurse Ward Rounds and Their Importance" is divided into a theoretical and a practical parts. The theoretical part focuses on nursing and the role of a nurse, a description of the nurse ward round and its types. It also deals with the relations between the nurse ward round, the nursing process, education and important communication. The goals and the research questions The aim of the bachelor thesis was to find out whether nurses know the nurse ward round and whether they hold it at their ward or not. The last but not least aim was to find out the opinions on the nurse ward round among nurses. Three research questions were set to achieve the goals. RQ1: What is the importance of nursing ward round for nursing care? RQ2: How do nurses perceive the nurse ward round for their work? RQ3: What type of nurse ward round is most frequently applied at the ward? Collection of the necessary data was based on the semi structured interview. Methodology The qualitative research form was chosen for elaboration of the thesis and verification of the research questions. The research was performed at wards where nurse ward round is held and at wards where nurse ward round is not held. The anonymous research was performed with the consent of the nursing care manager, the head nurses and with the consent of the respondent nurses. Results The research has shown that the nurses that perform the nurse ward round at their ward are able to explain the term nurse ward round. On the other hand the nurses that do not perform the nurse ward round were convinced that they did perform it and started to describe a nurse report when asked what the nurse ward round is. After being given study materials and after some time they were able to explain the term nurse ward round as well. The research has shown that the nurses that perform the nurse ward round at their ward are very satisfied. Most of them stress better information on patients and coherence of the information. They appreciate the work in a team where each nurse has a sense for something different and they can give advice to one another in the team or plan further patient intervention together. They also like cooperation with the carers during the rounds. The nurses claim that the carers spend more time with the patients than the nurses themselves and thus the participation of the carers in the nurse ward rounds is important. The only see disadvantage in the time stress. The nurses that do not perform the nurse ward round think that it might improve their information on patients. Only one nurse is convinced that the nurse report is sufficient. They also stress that the ward nurse and the head nurse should have better awareness of her ward. Most of them are nevertheless unable to imagine that they could hold nurse ward round at their ward for insufficient time. Another finding was that at the wards where nurse ward round is held the big nurse ward round is used, in which the ward nurse, the shift nurses, in some cases also the carers and the nutrition specialist participate. The nurses also mention patient satisfaction. They claim that patient trust them more and more and they feel their involvement. Patients have also the opportunity to ask nurses questions that they allegedly otherwise would not ask anywhere else. Conclusion The bachelor thesis "Nurse Ward Rounds and Their Importance" outlines what the nurse round actually is and its importance for nurses as well as for patients. A brochure called "Pros & Cons of Nursing Ward Round" is going to be prepared from the
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The issue of nursing care about patients with geriatric fragility.
ŠINDELÁŘOVÁ, Renata
Bachelor thesis titled The issue of nursing care about patients with geriatric fragility is a theoretical work, that tries to catch and describe the most information about geriatric frailty and specifics of nursing care for geriatric patients, who are withering away. Geriatric frailty has significant influence on quality of seniors life who currently live longer. Because the population is getting older and number of geriatric patients is increasing and it will be stil in the future, the geriatrics and the gerontology began to focus on geritraic frailty in their research. The geriatric frailty is called "The Holy Grail" of this medicine that tries first to maintain the longest possible psychical and physical senior activity and to turn away institutionalization of geriatric patient mainly by appropriate interventions in the provision of comprehensive nursing care. The aim of great effort in this work was to map and find out all details not only about geriatric frailty, but also about areas with influence on the emergence and development of the geriatric frailty and also on quality of senior life. Geriatric frailty does not have set definition yet and it is not now known if it is a syndrome, a symptome or a medical diagnosis. Involution, that goes along and has significant influence on men's life, causes natural biological aging process of organism, which is manifested by decrease or loss of functional human reserves. If these reserves are also influenced by inner factors for example multimorbidity or undesirable effects of medicaments or external factors, where we put malnutrition, sarcopenia, cognitive deficit, inactivity, instability but also loneliness, excessive load, inappropriate housing and insufficient financial income, than the "spiral of deteriorating" is developing and heading towards disability, immobility and danger of senior life. It is necessary to add that senior with geriatric frailty may not be always ill but he wither away. So effort of my thesis is to bring meaning and impact of "geriatric frailty" and "spiral of deteriorating" in the seniors life, that are not in the awareness of medical staff who provide nursing care to seniors (Kalvach, 2008). Geriatric frailty is getting worse by its progressivity and causes emergence of other syndromes, of which the most serious are immobilization syndrome and terminal geriatric deterioration followed by death. We need the presence of three basic characteristic of five to diagnose geriatric frailty in the eldery. It is malnutrition, sarcopenia, self-reported exhaustion, reduced level of mobility and weakness. As already said geriatric frailty is now the main theme of geriatric medicine, gerontologists and geriatrists, and because it can meaningfully contribute to providing of nursing care with propriate interventions, I tried in my thesis to determine specifics of nursing care focusing on areas, which have significant influence on emergence and development of geriatric frailty. It is primarily nutrition, rehabilitation nursing and motivation of frailty seniors, but also decubitus, falls and injuries of patients, inappropriate communication with elements of ageism or sleep disturbances can affect the emergence of frailty. The result from acquired information is that the main goals of nursing care for patients with geriatric frailty are to make eat, get to go and motivate patient. Effort this thesis is not to disparage present nursing care for geriatric patients, but to explain and give information about the necessity of greater focus of nursing care on risks mentioned above. Nursing care will have to make certain changes, as well as the geriatric medicine is adapting to the population aging and geriatric frailty. If this bachelor thesis will enrich awareness of nurses and other members of multidisciplinary team with problem of geriatric frailty, specifics of nursing care of patients with geriatric frailty, attitude and motivation of these risk patients, then the.
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