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On-chip and capillary electrophoresis for cancer research
Hájková, Tereza ; Babula, Petr (referee) ; Provazník, Ivo (advisor)
The thesis deals with cancer disease and its genesis. The prostate cancer is the second most dangerous disease in male population. It is very important to detect it in early stage. This thesis deals with the proteins which are or could be used as potential cancer markers. For example in current commonly used the prostate-specific antigen and newly the metallothionein. Metallothionein is a protein occuring in fauna and flora in four basic isoforms. There is a hypothesis that the isoform content or/and their ratio may have a diagnostic implication and could be used in clinical practise. For this reason they are studied and developed methods for specific and sensitive analysis of individual isoforms. In this work, capillary electrophoresis is used for the separation of the isoforms. The influence of the parameters such as type of background electrolyte, its pH and separation voltage etc. on the final separation are discussed.
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Differential Gene expression using a negative binomial model
Janáková, Tereza ; Tkacz, Ewaryst (referee) ; Abo Khayal, Layal (advisor)
Hlavním cílem této diplomové práce je analýza diferenciální exprese genů na základě negativního binomického modelu. Úvodní část je věnována teoretickému základu, pojednává o sekvenování RNA, sekvenování nové generace, výhodách a možném využití, formátu fastQ aj. Následující část už se zabývá samotnou praktickou částí, zde byl vybrán vhodný set genů, které budou později analyzovány a příslušná data byla stažena. Tato data byla zarovnána k lidskému genomu verze 37 Burrowsovou-Wheelerovou transformací s využitím bowtie mapovače, byly tak vytvořeny soubory ve formátu SAM. Toto soubory dat byly později setříděny pomocí nástroje SAMtools. Následně byly v programovém prostředí Matlab (verze R2013b) vytvořeny anotované objekty genů s využitím služby Ensembl´s BioMart. Dále byla určena genová exprese a byly odhadnuty faktory velikosti knihovny. Na závěr byly odhadnuty parametry negativního binomického rozložení a byla vyhodnocena diferenciální exprese genů.
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Development of prostate cancer radiotherapy from the 80s to the present day
SUCHANOVÁ, Markéta
Prostate cancer (CaP) remains the most common cancer diagnosed in men. This desease has worldwide increasing incidence. In the Czech Republic incidence has tripled during the last 20 years. The increase of the mortality is much more slower, but CaP is still the third leading cause of cancer-related death in men. CaP treatment management options may include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy. The radiotherapy occupies an irreplaceable position. It is used as a curative therapy for clinically localized CaP with a low and intermediate risk. In the case of high risk CaP and locally advanced tumors are often treated with the addition of the hormonal therapy, which enhances tumor control and overall patient's survival. The radiotherapy is also used in some cases as an adjuvant treatment following a radical prostatectomy, as well as a salvage therapy in a biochemical relapse or as a palliative treatment if the cancer progresses. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the development of CaP radiotherapy from the 80s till the present day. The specific objective of the study is to assess the incidence of the radiation-related complications (RRC) in patients with CaP treated with IMRT and PT. Among the methods of processing this thesis was using secondary data analysis. Practical information were obtained during the visits to the Department of the Radiation Oncology at the Hospital Ceske Budejovice a.s. (NCB) and the Proton Therapy Center Czech s.r.o. (PTC). During these visits was observed the radiotherapeutic treatment of the patients with CaP and valuable information were obtained through interviews with Mrs.Vančurová, MD and Mr. Vítek, MD., Ph.D., MBA This study analysed the incidence of the acute and late RRC in patients with CaP treated in these facilities. The acute and late side effects was assessed for GU and GI toxicity using RTOG / EORTC score. The specific problems were measured with the CTCAE v.4.0 scale. The overall incidence of the RRC was subjected to the statistical hypothesis testing using a two-sample unpaired t-test. The examined sample consisted of the 30 patients with CaP irradiated at NCB and the 30 patients from PTC with low, intermediate and high risk CaP. It was found that for the patients from NCB the rectum mean dose was 40,7 Gy and the mean dose of bladder was 39,4 Gy. For the patients treated at PTC the mean dose to the rectum was 13,2 Gy and to the bladder 11.1 Gy. This is related to the incidence of the RRC. Acute GU and GI toxicities Grade 2+ occurred in 33 % and 23,3 % of the patients treated in NCB. With a median follow-up of 22 months there was late GU toxicity Grade 2+ in 13,3 %. Late GI toxicity Grade 2+ occurred in 26,7 %, which exceeds incidence of the RRC described in the literature. Incidence of late GI toxicity Grade 3 and 4 was also increased, it appeared in 10 % (3 patients). Furthermore in one case cancer reoccurred and metastasized one and half year after the radiotherapy. In PTC no acute or late Grade 3+ toxicities were observed. Acute GU and GI toxicities Grade 2 occurred in 13,3 % and 6,7 %. After median follow-up of 21,5 months there was incidence of late GI toxicity Grade 2 3,3 %, late GU toxicity appeared only Grade 1 in 13,3 %. There was found statistically significant difference in occurrence of RRC in patients treated in NCB and PTC. The hypothesis that PT reduces the incidence of the radiation side-effects compared to the IMRT technique in the patients with the prostate cancer was confirmed. The prostate can move greatly during the day. It is recommended using CBCT, which is part of new linear accelerators at NCB, to check the position of the prostate before each irradiation. This study provides an overview of the treatment of CaP and may serve to increase of awareness of the RRC. The main contribution can be seen in the comparison of a standard approach with a promising alternative.
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Search for new biomarkers for screening and early diagnosis of cancer
KALČÍKOVÁ, Kateřina
Thesis on the topic "Search of New biomakers suitable for screening and early diagnostics of cancer" is dedicated to the issue of cancer, a cancer of the breast, prostate, ovarian and after the new findings out as melanom determination of tumor markers and their implications for clinical practice. Their aim is skouted up biomaker suitable for screening and early diagnostics of carcinoma( cancer ) of the breast, ovarian, prostate and malignant melanoma with utilization of various kinds of immunoassay. The theoretical part gives a brief and comprehensive overview of the epidemiology of selected tumors and tumor markers used and their qualities. In the methodological part are given principles applied iminoanalytics methods a list of the statistical methods and a detailed description of the groups of patients. Results section contains tables with results of biomarkers diveded by sort of avalueted tumors. In the discussion are then analyzed facts that follow from the results. It discussed the process and actualy status of searching convenients biomekers and their combinations that can distinguish a population of benign tumors of the population with malignant tumors and markers which are able to distinguish healthy population from the population with malignant tumors of the breast, ovary, prostate and melanoma. This work may serve as a source of knowledge and results to continue in search of such marker that could be used for screening and early diagnosis of cancer and so to improve the prevention of these illneses in the population.
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The clinical significance of prostate specific antigen and its free fraction for detection of prostate cancer.
BURSÍKOVÁ, Michaela
Currently, the determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA) has been used for a targeted detection of early stages of prostate cancer; together with other parameters this method enables the monitoring of the course of the already diagnosed disease and the treatment effect. The goal of the Bachelor's Thesis is to execute the literature search concerning prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia and to describe methods for determination of PSA and fPSA. In addition, to process the measured data and to assess in which age group the number of requests for PSA testing is highest and whether the patients with a higher value of PSA (based on the age specification) undergo any other laboratory tests. The measured data are further processed in terms of three formulated hypotheses. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with findings concerning the anatomical structure and physiological functions of prostatic tissue in a human organism. In this part, diseases, which may affect prostate, are described. The focus is on diseases, which may cause the elevation of laboratory-determined prostate-specific antigen and its free fraction. These diseases include prostatitides, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. In addition, the etiology of the disease, its clinical symptoms, stages and the diagnostic procedure in the patients coming with a suspicion of prostate cancer are described. The theoretical part also contains the laboratory method used to determine prostate-specific antigen, free prostate-specific antigen and conditions which might affect pre-analytical and analytical phases of their testing. Furthermore, some new biochemical parameters, which may supplement or replace the existing laboratory markers of prostate cancer in the future are provided. However, these new methods must be tested in additional studies. The aforementioned part is followed by a description of the analytical systems available for the laboratory measurement of prostate-specific antigen and free prostate- specific antigen. The principle of the measurement and the procedure of the analysis as such are explained as well. In the conclusion of the theoretical part, I provide an outline of the possibilities to monitor trends in PSA laboratory values in patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer based on their bioptic samples histology. For the monitoring of an increase in PSA values, the monitoring of PSA velocity (PSAV) and doubling time (time necessary for PSA increase to double) are used. These methods are not to diagnose prostate cancer; they are important from the prognostic point of view only. The practical part was executed in Klinické laboratoře Tábor, a.s. The measurements were performed over a period of three years (2011 - 2013) and an extensive data set, which includes 11 357 PSA tests and 2 074 fPSA tests, was collected. The results are depicted in the respective diagrams and tables. All the measured values were divided into six groups depending on the age of the tested patients. In group one of patients younger than 39 years, 243 PSA and 13 fPSA were measured. In the remaining age groups, the number of tests increased gradually up to the age of 69 years; in the seventh and eighths decades of age the number of tests gradually decreased. The number of tests executed in individual groups was as follows: 40 to 49 years 1 305 PSA and 93 fPSA, 50 to 59 years 3 462 PSA and 519 fPSA, 60 to 69 years 3 852 PSA and 785 fPSA, 70 to 79 years 1 941 PSA and 495 fPSA, above 80 years 554 PSA and 162 fPSA. Dates of PSA tests were divided in each group depending on the cut-off values, into below cut-off PSA (values corresponding with the standard) and above cut-off PSA (values exceeding the limits of the standard). The cut-off value is different for each age group and increases with increasing age.
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The role of the nurse in transrectal prostate biopsy
HESOUNOVÁ, Dominika
The topic of this bachelor thesis is: The role of nurses in the transrectal prostate biopsy. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and the practical parts. The theoretical part focuses on the description of the prostate carcinoma, which is the second most frequent malignity in men. It describes the risk factors of the illness that may have influence on the development of prostate carcinoma, and the symptoms that the illness manifests itself by. Further, it describes the fundamental diagnostic methods and prevention measures. Of the diagnostic methods, a more detailed analysis is made of transrectal ultrasonography connected with prostate biopsy. The theoretical part also describes the nursing care of patients who undergo transrectal prostate biopsy. The nurse is an integral part of the care of these patients, not only before and during the performance but also after it.
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Radiotherapy of prostate tumours through the IMRT technique and its toxicity
VRÁNOVÁ, Jana
Abstract Radiotherapy of prostate tumours through the IMRT technique and its toxicity In today´s modern world, prostate carcinoma is one of the most frequent malignant diseases suffered by men. Most ill persons who suffer from this disease are men between 50 and 70 years, and their number is increasing more and more. My work deals with occurrence of late complications after radiation of patients with prostate carcinoma through the IMRT technique in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s.. I assessed the number of late complications in the area of gastrointestinal and genito-urinary tract, degree of damage, and period of latency in dependence on a technique and amount of radiation. I observed whether the number of late complications is comparable with data in professional literature, or whether it considerably differs from these results. Method for preparation of an expert study being quantitative research. I obtained data from the files of the Department of Oncology of Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s., in 2007-2010. From the group of 243 patients, there were 211 patients appropriate for statistical processing of my research who were exposed to radiation through the IMRT technique due to prostate carcinoma diagnosed in 2007 - 2010. There were complications with 114 of them (54.03%). In the area of gastrointestinal tract, the 1st degree of late toxicity was with 47 patients (88.68%), 2nd degree with 4 patients (7.56%) and 3rd degree with 2 patients (3.77%). Median value of the period of latency is 13.86 months. Undesirable effects were shown in 3 months at the earliest, in 39 months at the latest. In the area of genito-urinary tract, the 1st degree of toxicity was with 39 patients (82.98%), 2nd degree with 8 patients (17.02%), and 3rd degree did not occur at all. Median value of the period of latency is 10.3 months. First, there occurred symptoms of late toxicity in 2 months, in 30 months at the latest. Upon comparison of all the results which I found out during my research done, I arrived at the conclusion that in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s., the occurrence of late toxicity of the second and third degree is slightly smaller in the area of gastrointestinal tract, while in the area of genito-urinary tract late complications of the second and third degree occur more often.
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Problems of secondary tumours after the irradiation for the carcinoma prostate
ŽÍŽALOVÁ, Hana
Radiotherapy is an important branch of the complex oncology care. The treatment of tumours derives benefit from the effect of an interaction of ionizing radiation with tumour cells. The aim of radiotherapy is to deliver the sufficient dose to exceed over the threshold for deterministic effect for tumour cells to eliminate them. However at the same time the neighbouring critical organs and tissue should be protected i.e. they should be exposed by the inconsiderable dose. In the critical organs and other irradiated tissue there is possible to induce a malign proliferation - so-called secondary cancers or secondary stochastic effect. The stochastic effect has no - on the contrary to deterministic effect {--} any threshold and it has usually long period of latency. In the diploma work there are studied and discussed the secondary stochastic effects induced in the critical organs (rectum und urinary bladder) during the radiotherapy of prostate carcinoma.
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Radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer
JANDOVÁ, Anna
The trude annual incidence of prostate vandr is the most common caver in men. Subclinikal prostate cancer is common in men >50 years. Screening of healty men using prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing increases the incidence and lead to overdiagnosis. The effect of screening and early intervention on mortality is not knot and cannot corrently recommended.
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