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PCP sorption of lignite
Šnédarová, Gabriela ; Taraba, Boleslav (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
Within the framework of this diploma thesis, the sorptive capability of a lignite as a natural adsorbent was applied on an aqueous solution of pentachlorophenol. The aqueous solution of this substance, which is very dangerous for the environment, was prepared in various concentration ranges according to reached solubility. The solubility is noticed in different literatures variously and then is not applicable. That is why it was necessary to find out the ”real“ solubility. The aqueous solution of pentachlorophenol of given concentration was subsequently put to adsorption with exactly defined quantity of the lignite and as a result the adsorptive isotherms were obtained. These isotherms represent the adsorption capability in dependence on the adsorption duration, quantity of used lignite and concentration of pentachlorophenol solution. By the adsorption with duration longer than one hour, the quantity of adsorbed PCP does not increase markedly.
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Production and characterization of regenerated humic acids
Uhrová, Anna ; Daniela,, Šmejkalová (referee) ; Kučerík, Jiří (advisor)
Jihomoravský lignit pocházející z dolu Mír v Mikulčicích, Lignit s.r.o. byl přesítován a vybraná frakce byla modifikována tzv. mokrou cestou pomocí dvou oxidačních (HNO3, H2O2) a dvou „amfifilních“ (kyselina octová, kyselina citronová) činidel. Alkalickou extrakcí byly získány jak huminové kyseliny z neupraveného tak předupraveného lignitu (tzv. regenerované huminové kyseliny). Na základě výsledku elementární analýzy byly vypočítány C/O a C/H poměry, které společně s FTIR spektry podaly informaci o stupni alifaticity/aromaticity a dále o stupni oxidace organického uhlíku. Pomocí vysokoúčinné vylučovací chromatografie byla stanovena distribuce velikosti huminových agregátů. K objasnění procesů probíhajících v povrchové vrstvě bylo proměřeno povrchové napětí studovaných roztoků vzorků. Získaná data byla proložena Szyszkowského rovnicí a obdržené parametry poukázaly jak na povrchovou aktivitu jednotlivých huminových kyselin tak i na povahu molekul zodpovědných za snižování povrchového napětí. Pro vzájemnou korelaci dat získaných výše zmíněnými metodami byl použit Pearsonův korelační koeficient.
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Fosil Fuels in Czech Republic
Ertelt, Tomáš ; Moskalík, Jiří (referee) ; Baláš, Marek (advisor)
The object of this bachelor thesis is to explore fossil fuels in the Czech Republic their kinds, qualities, occurrence, usage, extraction, import and export. Thesis focuses on black coal, brown coal, anthracite, lignite, peat, oil and natural gas. This thesis analyzes their availability, deposits, processing and usage in the Czech Republic. Production statistics of their extraction by 2011 are addend.
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Determination of acidic groups in humic substances.
Kabeláčová, Kateřina ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Janeček, Jiří (advisor)
Within this bachelor thesis we compared three method to determine the acidity of humic substances. We employed the baryta-method (which determines the total acidity), the Ca-acetate method (determines the content of carboxylic groups only) and the technique of Ray von Wandruszka. This method should provide the content of groups dissociable at pH>12. We used four different samples of humic acids isolated from two sources (lignite and peat). While the differences between results of baryta and Ca-acetate methods were expected and can be easily explained, the values of acidity obtained by the von Wandruszka method represent roughly one half of the results of Ca-acetate method and almost only ten percent of the baryta results. In the cases of baryta as well as von Wandruszka methods we observed a dependency of the results on the time-length of the analysis. In the theoretical part the characterisation, divided, creation, structure and properties of humic substances are summarized. In the end of theoretical part are described using method for analysis of humic acids.
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Study on sorption of inorganic nutrients on lignite
Vahala, Jan ; Klučáková, Martina (referee) ; Sedláček, Petr (advisor)
Although lignit represents a valuable chemical substrate, it has been utilized mostly as a fuel in energetic industry. This application is not cost-effective at all and provides a negative ecological impact. Therefore, this bachelor thesis focuses on sorption properties of lignite utilizable in its alternative, mostly agricultural applications. Experimental part of the work deals with sorption and desorption of model inorganic nutrients (nitrates and phosphates as main components of standard inorganic fertilizers). Results of the experiments provides closer view on an application potential of lignite as a carrier of these nutrients or as an organic supplement to traditional NPK agricultural fertilizers.
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Development of non-energy use of lignite
Macháčková, Mirka ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the study of non-energetic use of lignite. The use as a sorbent is one of many possibilities. Sorption of chloride and sodium ions was carried out on natural lignite from the South Moravian, lignite washed with deionized water and lignite enriched with calcium ions. The experiments were realized monitoring pH, electrical conductivity, amounts of sodium and chloride ions in the prepared samples. Chemical oxygen demand was determined in the extract of lignite. This measurement was carried out in accordance with norm ČSN 83 0540-8 Chemical and physical analysis of waste water: Determination of dichromate oxidability. For use in agriculture were investigating the possibility of preparation of humic hydrocolloids by high speed dispergator and planetary mill. The ideal ratio of lignite and water was determined. The liquid and solid humic hydrocolloids were prepared by mechanochemical activation the lignite. These were characterized - particle size, UV-VIS spectroscopy of prepared extracts and sedimentation.
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Characterization of regenerated humic acids
Ivancová, Anna ; Ing. Daniela Šmejkalová,Ph.D. (referee) ; Kučerík, Jiří (advisor)
The work deals with the physical characterization of humic substances, namely potassium and ammonium salts of regenerated humic acids extracted from South-Moravian lignite. The regeneration of lignite was based on the oxidation of lignite by means of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Obtained samples of humic acids were analyzed by elemental analysis, which confirmed that the regeneration changed the distribution of elements in respective humic acids. Diluted aqueous solutions of humates were further analyzed by densitometer and high resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy. Obtained data were used for the determination of the compressibility and hydration. The relationship between those two parameters and way of humic acids preparation was discussed.
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Soil salination and natural lignite as a potential remediating agent
Kořínková, Alena ; Sýkorová, Ivana (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with sorption ability of raw and water washed lignite for salt NaCl from water solution. Measurement was carried out in accordance with norm ČSN 11265 Quality of soil – Determination of electric conductivity with some modification (time period, extraction agent). Behaviour of lignite-water-NaCl, soil-water-NaCl and soil-lignite-water-NaCl mixtures was studied by measuring pH and electric conductivity.
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Non-energy uses of lignite
Zedníčková, Petra ; Taraba, Boleslav (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the meaning of coal and it's utilize. It is especially concentrated on lignit and it's utilize out of energetic sector. Lignit constitudes geologicly youngest type of coal and belongs to caustobiolits , which is solid with various degree of coalification of original phytomasa. Degree of coalification is situated between peat and lignit. Lignit is characteristic by clearly well-kept structure of wood. Exactly this relative youth of lignit is reason for it's interesting qualitative indexes, in which belongs especially it's natural sorptive ability and quite high volume of humic acids. Both of these characteristics cohere together, because humic substances will certainly be main reason for sorptive characteristics. Coal, in comparing with other natural material, is by it's structure very complicated mixture of both organic and inorganic substances in various states of matter. It is matter of heterogenous system of macromolecules, which is structured of microscopicly distinguishable and chemically various substances. It can be composed of organic components or work as mineral admixture.
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