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X-ray examination indicated at health center Strakonice depending on age
BRAUEROVÁ, Pavla
This thesis deals in theoretical part with X-rays, x-ray examinations of children and the elderly, radiation protection and medical exposure and requests for examination, the practical part drawn by x-ray examinations at the Health Center Strakonice Ltd. in the years 2010 - 2014 and conditions exhibited a request for examination in 2014. I set two aims, namely: Analyze the differences in X-ray indication among doctors depending on their expertise and age distribution of patients. Analyze the administrative formalities regarding the processing of requisitions for X-rays. To achieve the goals I have performed analysis and subsequent processing of data for the period of five years 2010 - 2014 concerning the age distribution of patients and formalites of requisitions for X-rays. I have processed statistical surveys created at the Health Center Strakonice Ltd. and the data from operational diaries and requisitions. The obtained data have been organized into graphs. There were defined two research questions: 1.Are practitioners for adults indicate substantial majority of RTG examination? 2. Are most common content gaps in the terms of the X-ray requisitions missing description of the disease and data on height and weight of the patient? At first research question can be answered in the negative and the other positive. In conclusion we can say that the X-rays still enjoys great popularity among imaging techniques due to its simplicity and accessibility. However, it is important to correctly indicate and ensure the right level of radiation protection, especially in pediatric patients.
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Fluoroscopy in Písek Hospital a.s.
VYSOKOMÝTSKÁ, Jiřina
The Fluoroscopy is nowadays increasingly replaced by other investigative methods, including CT examinations and more. Their number is currently falling slowly. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to analyze the possibilities of Fluoroscopy examinations in Hospital Písek, a.s. during 11 years (2006-2016) and potential substitution by other imaging methods. Another target was to compare the results with the statistics in the Czech Republic, which deals in particular with the total number of digestive tract tests carried out from 2007 till 2015 in all radio-diagnostic facilities. The theoretical part deals with Fluoroscopy and everything that belongs to it. It describes what X-ray radiation and its biological effects are. The largest part is devoted to X-ray techniques, contrast substances and Fluoroscopic examination. Describes parts from which Fluoroscopy is comprising. It also focuses on contrast substances, their classification and what double contrast examination is. The last chapters deal with Fluoroscopic examination, which were carried out at the Písek Hospital, a.s.. The data for a practical part of statistic evaluation was obtained from Písek Hospital, a.s. during the four months from December 2016 till March 2017, data collection was carried out in the form of printed operation report. The data was written in tables for each year separately, then divided into tables according to type of examination, sex and age. The simple abstract of the radiology activities and imaging methods for the period 2007-2015 was downloaded from ÚZIS. The downloaded data was focused only for a gastrointestinal tract radiology and a table to compares the data with the research.
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Role of the tumour suppressor PML in DNA damage response and cellular senescence after genotoxic stress
Knoblochová, Lucie ; Hodný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Horníková, Lenka (referee)
The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a tumour suppressor. It has been reported that PML interaction with the p53 protein is involved in the activation of cell cycle checkpoints and, when persistent, may lead to the premature onset of cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell growth arrest that is associated with characteristic morphological and metabolic changes and persistent DNA damage signalling. Importantly, PML nuclear bodies coassociate with persistent DNA damage foci in senescent cells; however, the role of this interaction is still obscure. My goal was to characterize the role of PML in DNA damage response (DDR) and the induction of premature cellular senescence after genotoxic stress, namely X-radiation, using both siRNA-mediated PML knock down (PML KD) and complete PML knock out (PML KO) in human cells. The dynamics of DNA damage foci, levels of various proteins involved in DDR, and proliferation rate were measured in both PML KD and KO cells. No significant changes in the formation of DNA damage foci, activated DDR (p53 and Chk2), activated p21CIP1/WAF1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, senescent morphology, and SA-β-galactosidase activity in PML KO cells were observed. However, PML KO cells displayed higher levels of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and...
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Modern Imaging Techniques in Medicine
Pařízek, Aleš ; Neuwirthová, Ludmila (referee) ; Rujbrová, Šárka (advisor)
Cílem této práce je popsat základní principy a fyzikální veličiny spjaté s jednotlivými zobrazovacími metodami a poté jednotlivé metody porovnat. Práce popisuje vznik rentgenového záření, jeho interakci s různými materiály a metody snímaní pro vytvoření obrazů. Dále se práce zabývá základním principem vytvoření 3D obrazů pomocí počítačové tomografie a jednotlivými generacemi tomografických strojů. V poslední části se práce věnuje principu nukleární magnetické resonance a základním parametrům pro vytvoření obrazů pomocí MRI systémů.
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Analysis of Defects on PCB Using Modern Optical Method
Vala, Martin ; Řezníček, Michal (referee) ; Řihák, Pavel (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on detecting of defects on BGA (Ball Grid Array) components using of X-ray. Defects are formed during reflow BGA components during assembly, but also later due to mechanical and thermal stress. Therefore, there is an overview of defects and methods of diagnosis of BGA packages eg .: modern X-ray defect detection or micro sections. There is disclosed a device NORDSON DAGE XD7600NT its operation and setup. The device enables advanced methods of scanning called X-plane. For creating 3D models used reconstructive software called CERA, which uses raw data from the method of X-Plane.
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Bone densitometry
ŠÍRKOVÁ, Eliška
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) osteoporosis is defined as: "Increasing of systemic disease of skeleton. The characteristic feature is the lack of bone substance and disorders of microarchitecture of bone tissue. The result of the disorder is disposition to fractures. Earlier the disease was not diagnosed until it got to the stage of occurrence of osteoporotic fracture. Nowadays it is anticipated by means of BMD. Especially women at the age of postmenopause and older men are invited for the medical check-up. However, younger people and even children are invited too. The main indications for the BMD measurement are women who stopped a hormonal curing by using estrogen or they are at the age of postmenopause. It is also recommended for patients with increased occurence of fractures caused by small force and for patients who had a big weight loss. Last, but not least, it is good for men in their seventies, patients who are considering the pharmacological treatment and of course patients with visible effects of the treatment. The densitometry medical check-up itself, known as DEXA, is painless and non-invasive method, using which we can find comprehensive information about the amount of bone mineral in examined section of bone. The parts, where the density is measured, are the parts that are the most abraded. These are vertebrae L1 L4, distal antebrachium, proximal femur, ribs and proximal humerus. It is necessary to check BMD patients with the same apparatus and software during the each medical check-up. For the checking measurement the patients comes every year. Nevertheless, not later than after the two years after the first medical check-up. The purpose of the thesis is research including two main points: analysis of the data acquired from densitometric station of 'Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s. and omparison of the data of patients with a regard to age, sex and the kind of disease. Based on the research it was found out, that division of the patients into groups according to the diagnosis is not conforming. 95% of patients are suffering from various stages of osteoporosis. Only 5% of patients have different diagnosis. Based on the data from the research it was found out that there are ten-times more women who undertook the medical check-up. It is clear, why mainly women undertake the osteoporosis medical check-up. The sudden change of metabolism of bones, mostly related to climacteric, the end of treatment using estrogen, or lactation, is difficult situation and it is very stressful for the whole organism.
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X-ray beam hardening effect simulation
Šlof, Michael ; Balogh, Jaroslav (referee) ; Drastich, Aleš (advisor)
This bachelor thesis concerns itself with X-ray beam hardening effect simulation by filtering. The initial part introduces a theoretical background to the given topic. It is crucial to understand the underlying physical principles and laws prior to analysis so the X-ray radiation theory is introduced first. Units, quantities and an X-ray tube are also outlined as part of the X-ray theory. The practical part focuses on X-ray beam hardening effect simulation in programming language MATLAB. A strong emphasis is placed on parameter input, ease of operation and outcome analysis of the desired process as related to the X-ray beam hardening effect.
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Module for detection of ionizing radiation
Matějka, Tomáš ; Džbánek, Lukáš (referee) ; Kubíček, Michal (advisor)
This thesis deals with design of detector of ionizing X-ray radiation. Conventional PIN photodiodes are used for construction of the detector. The thesis describes issue of using PIN photodiodes for X-ray and gamma radiation detection. Transimpedance amplifier is designed with two diferent modes of detection. Both amplifier variants are compared and their suitability for specific applications is discussed. The thesis describes principle of converting analog signals to digital and describes concept of bus for multiple detectors connection to central unit. Options for paralel data processing are discused in last part of thesis. The detector is implemented and measured values are compared with simulations.
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Calculation of efficient dose rtg diagnostic irradiation
Bažantová, Lucie ; Drastich, Aleš (referee) ; Rozman, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals primarily with the theory of ionizing radiation and its interaction with matter. It deals particularly with x-radiation and the methods of its use in medicine. The thesis contains a description of the origin of the x-ray image and a description of the techniques of radiography and skiascopy. A list of quantities and units used in radiation physics and in radiation protection has been set out, with regard to assessing the risk involved in the interaction of x-radiation with an organism. In particular, the effective dose and the methods of evaluating this during medical irradiation have been set out. The main parts of the work are an overview of the software environment used in radiation physics and an example of the calculation of an effective dose for a concrete radiographic examination together with a detailed description of the method of calculation. At the end of the thesis there is a table of calculated values and an evaluation of them.
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