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The contamintation level of sediments from water reservoir Orlík by organic and inorganic pollutants
Dvořák, Tomáš ; Száková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Vymazal, Jan (referee)
Due to sorption processes, sediments can retain a wide range of toxic substances, which are transported together with the sediment over long distances from the place of their origin. Dam reservoirs are significant sinks of such sediments and they can be indicative of the overall burden level in surface water of the basin. This thesis works with the assumption that sediments of a valley reservoir can help to estimate the sources and extent of water pollution in the area of interest.
The aim of this thesis was to assess i) the level of contamination of bottom sediments in the Orlík reservoir with organic and inorganic pollutants, and ii) the potential impact of individual tributaries on the overall level of contamination of the sediments. In the literature review, the current level of knowledge in the topic of the total contents and speciation of toxic elements and specificities of the behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, sediments and aquatic organisms was evaluated. The biological activity and eutrophication potential of sediments were discussed, as well.
A total of 34 composite samples of bottom sediment collected in different parts of the Orlík reservoir and its major tributaries were evaluated. Bioavailability of major pollutants was also observed in individual tributaries based on their content in the tissues of mollusks.
Atomic spectrometry revealed increased concentrations of As, Cd and Zn in sediments of the Orlík reservoir. Arsenic concentration limits were significantly exceeded at the bottom part of the reservoir from the confluence of the Otava and Vltava rivers toward the body of the dam. Higher level of cadmium and zinc were detected in sediments of the Otava River. The analysis of tissues of bivalves in tributary areas confirmed significant bioaccumulation ability of cadmium. Among others, significant dependence of phosphorus level on the total content of iron and aluminum in sediments was detected.
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Risk element sorption on waste materials from olive oil production
Hovorka, Miloš ; Száková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Trakal, Lukáš (referee)
The main objective of this thesis is to verify the efficiency of waste material from olive oil production to immobilize risk elements Pb, Cd and Zn in extremely contaminated soil and to verify following hypothesis: application of waste material from olive oil production will limit the availability of risk elements in the soil and also improves a supply of soil available nutrients and biological properties of the soil. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical part (literature review) and experimental part.
The theoretical part contains a general description of the risk elements and their possible harmful effects on living organisms, indicating their possible sources of entry into the environment, describes the behavior of these elements in the soil, especially events that contributes to the retention of soil. Furthermore, there are some possible methods for remediation of soil contaminated with hazardous elements and is described in more detail immobilization technique using soil improvers. In this chapter is devoted to the waste material from olive oil production, whose properties are tested in the experimental part of this work.
The experimental part is focused on verification sorption capability of waste material from olive oil production for selected risk elements. As a waste material has been used dry olive residue (known as DOR), and DOR after remediation of these types of fungi: Penicillium chrysogenum, Coriolopsis floccosa, Bjerkandela adusta and Chondrostereum purpureum. Analytical methods were used to determine the concentrations of the elements, the pH, the point of zero charge (pHpzc), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) for the individual samples representing material DOR and DOR after remediation of certain species of fungi. The preliminary sorption experiment determined sorption efficiency for the elements Cd, Pb and Zn for all the material tested. Stability of the risk element bonds was verified via model desorption experiment. Model laboratory incubation experiment was carried out to assess the potential changes of hazardous elements mobility in the contaminated soil, depending on dose and type of DOR material. At the same time there were determined contents of available proportions of essential elements in the soil. The contents of elements were determined by atomic spectrometry (ICP-OES) and the results analyzed by adequate statistical methods.
Results showed good sorption capacity of the waste material DOR, especially after transformation with different species of fungi, for hazardous elements and particularly Pb, less then Cd and Zn. The desorption experiment, however, showed unstable linkages elements in samples DOR, particularly in the case of Zn, which is also reflected in the incubation experiment. This instability is probably due to the low pH material DOR, therefore it would be useful for further research take into account the increase of pH levels of these samples. In terms of elemental composition appears to be biotransformed DOR as a good source of nutrients. The treatment of thesoil increased accessibility of nutrients such as Cu, Fe and Mn for plants.
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The risk element contents in soil and vegetation cover at selected locations within Hradec Králové city
Bartošová, Tereza ; Száková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Hejtmánková, Alena (referee)
The county town named Hradec Králové is located in eastern Bohemia on the confluence of Elbe and Orlice rivers. It is situated in a flat area, with many green areas and the absence of heavy industry. The industrial activity is concentrated in small business - engineering, chemical, electrical and food processing industries. All these aspects of human activity may be associated with risk elements contamination of the environment. The town is characterised by the high traffic density; we can therefore also assume the presence of risk elements in the air and subsequently soil contamination in the proximity of these roads. The aim of the study was to analyze the level of contamination of soil and vegetation in the city caused by risk elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn). According to sampling scheme, which involved 86 sampling points, there were taken samples of soils and aboveground parts selected plant species: dandelion (Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia) and doorweed (Polygonum aviculare) occurring at all the sampling points. These samples were analysed for the risk elements contents.
In most of cases the risk element levels did not exceed the maximum allowable limits for the content of elements in soil and plants given by Decree no. 13/1994 Coll. and Directive no. 2002/32/EC. In the case of soil, there were significantly higher values of potentially mobilizable contents measured for arsenic. But this was not reflected on the contents of this element in the vegetation when all results were below the detection limit of the analytical method. Rarely, the values exceeding the limits were observed in several soil samples in the case of lead and cadmium. While for lead no increased concentrations of this element in the vegetation was observed, the cadmium levels occurring in dandelion exceeded in several cases the limits for fodder crops. The ability of doorweed to accumulate the risk elements was lower compared to dandelion.
Linear regression analysis showed that there is no significant relationship between the element contents in the soil and vegetation and the distance from the road. It therefore appears that the contents of elements in the soil and vegetation are not affected by traffic. Due to the significant positive correlation of most elements (except Cd and Zn) in the soil can be estimated that the levels in the soil are given rather by the character of the subsoil. This speculation but would require more detailed geological and geochemical survey of the site.
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Geochemická charakteristika půdního prostředí se zaměřením na kontaminaci podél vybraných silničních komunikací
Ambrožová, Pavlína
Roadside soils are affected by traffic. Topsoil samples were collected at 35 Moravian localities with varying traffic intensity. They were analyzed by XRF spectrometry to obtain total element composition. The evaluation of results was carried out with an emphasis on risk elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Pb). Positive correlation between traffic intensity and Cu and Pb content in the soil was discovered. The evaluation of the level of contamination was carried out on the basis of the limits announced by the Czech Ministry of Environment. The whole diploma thesis is supplemented by a review in order to provide a comprehensive view on this extensive issue.
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Assessment the impact of the application of excavated sediments from the dam Luhačovice on the content of risk elements in arable soil
Kratěnová, Pavla ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
This diploma thesis focuses on an issue concerning an excavated sediment application on an arable soil and its impact on the soil quality based on a particular case of a deposition of the sediment from the dam Luhačovice on an adjacent agricultural area. The theoretical part of this thesis is focused on a soil and sediment characteristics and functions, contained risk elements, sampling methods, determination possibilities of particular risk elements and a description of conditions which emerged from a need for the deposition of sediment obtained during scavenging of the dam Luhačovice. In the experimental part was described the process of sampling, samples processing and determining of concentration values for chosen risk elements (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb) using flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry methods. This part also contains an evaluation of obtained results and a validation of an approval for the sediment deposition.
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Contamination of soil and sediment by hazardous metals
Pidima, Tomáš ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with soil and sediments from the environmental perspective. For selected heavy metals – cadmium, lead and mercury are given information about their occurrence, characteristics and potential sources of environmental contamination. It is also mentioned legislation dealing with the topic. The limit concentrations in soil and sediments, determination methodology and principles of the most commonly used instrumental analytical methods for these elements are described.
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