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Impact of military operations on diversity and occurrence of reptiles in protected landscape area Brdy
VOSKA, Václav
The main aim of this diploma thesis is to prove impacts of military, especially artillery activities on populations of reptiles. For our research was chosen the territory of central Brdy which was more than eighty years used by Armed Forces of the Czech Republic for training of artillery troops Jince. In the past there operated Armed Forces of Czechoslovakia or Armed Forces of Czechoslovakia Federative Republic. The Protected Landscape Area Brdy has been extended on the majority of former military district territory since 2016. The goal of the thesis is to elaborate the literary recherché which compares suitability of disruption management in various military space and Protected Landscape Areas. On the basis of personal monitoring of reptiles and earlier results we found out diversity and expansion of reptiles in Protected Landscape area Brdy and influence of previous or current military activities on reptiles. Achieved results will be compared with the other military area and Protected Landscape Areas. The outcome of this thesis will be also the proposal for perspective protection of reptiles in areas with present or past military activities.
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Mechanism of complex tooth shape development in reptiles
Landová, Marie ; Zahradníček, Oldřich ; Dosedělová, Hana ; Kavková, M. ; Zikmund, T. ; Buchtová, Marcela
Tooth shape formation in mammals is well known proces thanks to the broad studies on the mouse molars. The main role in regulation of this proces plays the enamel knot. Enamel knots are formed by cluster of cells, which serves as a source of numerous signalling molecules such as SHH or members of WNT, BMP and FGF families. Almost all our knowledge about teeth came from study on the mouse model. For better understanding of odontogenesis, it is however necessary to compare developmental processes to another species. One of the most heterogenic group of dentition type and shape are reptiles. How the shape of their teeth completed is still unknown. Aim of our study is therefore to uncover developmental processes involved in cusp formation in non-mammalian species with focus on reptiles. As model species for this study, we selected chameleons where multicuspis teeth develop in the caudal area of the jaw.
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Taxidermal Mounts of the Reptiles, Small Mammals and Fishes
Kubátová, Claudie ; Řezníček, Jan (advisor) ; Poláchová, Tereza (referee)
1 ABSTRACT The thesis is conceived as detailed guide to create a dermoplastic models for teachers of natural history and biology. The first part focuses on the actual field of taxidermy and its methods. It includes some possible methods leading to the making of dermoplastic models of mammals, reptiles and fishes. The second part describes the created models of mammals, reptiles and fishes. This section also contains the characteristics of individual species and recent research from specialized foreign literature.
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Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in the lizard clade Laterata
Buchbauerová, Lucie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Šťáhlavský, František (referee)
The aim of this study was to summarize all what is known about the karyotype and about sex chromosomes in the lizard clade Laterata and to analyze this two gained datasets by means of a phylogeny. Karyotype represents a whole number of chromosomes in a cell and it is an important source of informations on how the genetic information in nucleus is organized and how it works along with the evolution. The Laterata clade consists of four big groups of squamate reptiles: Teiidae, Gymnophthalmidae, Amphisbaenia and Lacertidae. All the groups have a genotypic sex determination system (GSD) and some species within these clades pones sex chromosomes. If they are present, in Teiidae and Gymnophthalmidae it is the XY sex chromosome system which determines the sex of a specimen. On the other hand, in Amphisbaenia and Lacertidae it is the ZW system of sex determination. Sometimes the X1X1X2X2:X1X2Y or Z1Z1Z2Z2:Z1Z2W sex chromosome system occurs in Teiidae / Gymnophthalmidae or in Lacertidae, respectively. The phylogenetical analysis was performed in Mesquite programme and the output from the analysis is a phylogenetical tree with two characters (number of chromosomes and the sex determination system) and the maximum parsimony counted for each of them. Then the interpretation was in the order and it is the main...
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Factors influencing flight-initiation distance in reptiles and the comparison with endotherm vertebrates
Fictumová, Tereza ; Frýdlová, Petra (advisor) ; Sedláček, Ondřej (referee)
The fleeing behaviour is one of the most common antipredatory strategy. It is intensively studied in many groups of animals. The flight-initiation distance (FID) is used for quantification of fleeing behaviour. The FID represents the distance between a prey and an approaching predator in which the prey starts fleeing. The FID is also used for quantifying of preys fear. The factors influencing FID in reptiles are: temperature, habitat, refuge availability, foraging strategies, predator behaviour etc. I discovered some factors which are different for mammals and birds. The most important difference is the ectothermy in reptiles vs. the endothermy in mammals and birds. Another difference is parental care, alarm calls and grouping. The factors as an influence of predator, refuge availability or type of habitat seems to have very similar or the same impact on FID for both groups.
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Mechanisms of asexual reproduction in reptiles
Augstenová, Barbora ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Abramjan, Andran (referee)
In the case of reptiles, there has been described an occurrence of an asexual reproduction, especially in the case of a group Squamata; the asexual reproduction of birds (Aves) has been observed, too. Multiple times the asexuality of reptiles has been originated. Occurrences of obligate and facultative asexual species have been described. Most obligate asexual species have theirs origin in one or more hybridization events between closely related species. However, within the family Xantusiidae two exceptions where asexuality apparently originated without hybridization were discovered. Facultative parthenogenesis was originally expected only among reptiles kept in captivity, where the females were separated from males for a long time. However, this assumption was later disproved. The majority of the specimens formed by facultative parthenogenesis has reduced viability, which can be caused by the imperfect mechanism of the formation of parthenogenetic offspring. The terminal fusion is considered to be the probable mechanism of creation of diploid oocytes in the case of facultative parthenogenesis reptiles. The cytological mechanism of the parthenogenetic offspring's genesis was described for the obligate parthenogenetic species just for genus Aspidoscelis. During oogenesis in this case is ploidy...
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Reproductive biology and sexual dimorphism in the lizard Lepidophyma smithii (Squamata: Xantusiidae)
Kukačková, Dominika ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Frynta, Daniel (referee)
The squamata reptiles present a wide array of reproductive strategies. In the genus Lepidophyma from the neotropical family Xantusiidae, there are 19 species, all of them live- bearing and diploid. Obligatory unisexuality is also present in some species. This obligatory unisexuality did not evolve via hybridization, which is unique among vertebrates. The genus thus presents a very interesting, but still poorly little explored group. Only recently our team has discovered a facultative unisexuality in Lepidophyma smithii. The unisexually produced offsprings are not fully homozygous are of both sexes, which is unique for vertebrates as well. The aim of my work is to describe the basic reproductive biology of this species, e.g. the relationship between female size and clutch size and offspring size. Additionally, my work focuses on sexual dimorphism. I tested whether L. smithii is dimorphic in body length and head size. These traits are often sexually dimorphic in squamatesu. Also, I documented the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism and reconstructed growth curves for males and females.
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Metabolic costs of reproduction in vertebrates, particularly in reptiles
Kukačková, Dominika ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
Animal reproduction involves energy expenditures for gamete formation, support of offspring development, and associated behavioural changes. Due to high variability in reproductive traits, reptiles are the ideal study group for this field. Investment in reproductive organs and gametes represent costs of sex products production. The next phase of reproduction is gestation, when females support their developing offspring, which results in additional metabolic costs. Metabolism of pregnant female can be viewed as a sum of resting metabolism, which is the same as in non-pregnant animal, of increased metabolism to support pregnancy, and of embryonic metabolism. Separation of each component is crucial for assessing energy costs of reproduction and for comparison of different reproductive strategies. Certain behavioural changes during reproduction can influence total energy balance as well. These changes include increased locomotion costs or shifts in the thermoregulatory behaviour. Estimation of the real costs of reproduction is a complex matter since a reproduction is a very dynamic process and there are many issues that influence the overall energy consumption of reproducing individuals.
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Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in the lizard clade Laterata
Buchbauerová, Lucie ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Šťáhlavský, František (referee)
The aim of this study was to summarize all what is known about the karyotype and about sex chromosomes in the lizard clade Laterata and to analyze this two gained datasets by means of a phylogeny. Karyotype represents a whole number of chromosomes in a cell and it is an important source of informations on how the genetic information in nucleus is organized and how it works along with the evolution. The Laterata clade consists of four big groups of squamate reptiles: Teiidae, Gymnophthalmidae, Amphisbaenia and Lacertidae. All the groups have a genotypic sex determination system (GSD) and some species within these clades posses sex chromosomes. If they are present, in Teiidae and Gymnophthalmidae it is the XY sex chromosome system which determines the sex of a specimen. On the other hand, in Amphisbaenia and Lacertidae it is the ZW system of sex determination. Sometimes the X1X1X2X2:X1X2Y or Z1Z1Z2Z2:Z1Z2W sex chromosome system occurs in Teiidae / Gymnophthalmidae or in Lacertidae, respectively. The phylogenetical analysis was performed in Mesquite programme and the output from the analysis is a phylogenetical tree with two characters (number of chromosomes and the sex determination system) and the maximum parsimony counted for each of them. Then the interpretation was on the order and it is the main...
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Ecological and phylogenetic effects determining variation of growth patterns in amniotes
Stanková, Veronika ; Frýdlová, Petra (advisor) ; Vohralík, Vladimír (referee)
Growth is a process during which organs or the whole body enlarges. It can be modeled by using growth models and curves. The work is mainly focused on the explanation of two types of growth - the determinate growth, which is finished after the reaching of the sexual maturity, and the indeterminate growth which on the other side continues even after the reproduction or after the reaching of the sexual maturity. In the literature there is generally stated that birds and mammals are characterized by the determinate growth, amphibians and reptiles have the indeterminate growth. The aim of this work was to analyze the current available literature relevant to the growth and to evaluate the above mentioned statements about the growth of the vertebrates. The ecological and the phylogenetic effects influencing the growth, the physiological regulation and the mechanism of the growth are summarized in this work. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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