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Implementation of the National Action Plan to increase vaccination coverage against influenza in the district of Trutnov.
KISSOVÁ, Petra
Influenza is a highly contagious viral disease with epidemic and pandemic spread of the character, which annually affects 10% of the world's population, in the course of a pandemic even 40-50%. The originator of the disease is a virus that is present as a type A, type B or type C. Source of infection is the man to transfer air or contaminated objects. Susceptibility is widespread. The disease predominantly affects the respiratory tract, has a sudden beginning and manifests itself primarily with fever, chills, muscle pain, joint pain and headache. The most common complication is inflammation of the lungs. In the diagnosis are rapid tests for the detection of the Antigen. Treatment is symptomatic, antivirals are available the type of neuraminidase inhibitors M2, which easily gives rise to a resistance of influenza virus. The basis for the prevention of influenza is annual vaccination, which dramatically reduces the risk of hospitalization and death, especially among the elderly and the chronically ill. Coverage in our population is low, and that despite the fact that the flu is the cause of the deaths of thousands of people around the world. A year in the Czech Republic will die according to qualified estimates the flu one to two thousand people. Due to the possible prevention of influenza, it is important to disseminate information on the possibilities of prevention by vaccination and educate the general public about the seriousness of this disease. Diploma thesis discusses influenza disease as such and on the issue of vaccination against influenza among the elderly in connection with the adoption of the NAP to increase vaccination coverage against the flu. The theoretical part summarises the commonly known knowledge on the causative agent of the disease, the way of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention by vaccination.
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Incidence of parotitis in the South Bohemia region
MERVARDOVÁ, Eliška
The theoretical part of the bachelor thesis on the topic of Incidence of parotitis in the South Bohemian region is divided into five chapters. In these chapters the current knowledge about this disease is summarized. In the first chapter history of parotitis is described. The first mention of this disease was made as early as in the 5th century before Christ. The second chapter of this thesis deals with epidemiology of parotitis. It primarily defines clinical features of the disease. Parotitis is characterized as an acute viral inflammatory disease, accompanied by fever and the typical painful swelling of the parotid glands. The subchapters include information on the causative agent of parotitis, the source of infection, transmission, the incubation period, the period of infectiousness, susceptibility, complications, diagnosing and therapy. The third chapter is focused on the incidence of parotitis. Epidemics, mainly local, that have occurred in the Czech Republic since the introduction of routine immunizations, are mentioned here. In the Czech Republic routine immunization against parotitis was introduced in 1987. There was an epidemic in 1995-1996, when the North Moravian region was the most affected. In 2002-2003 an increased incidence in the South Bohemian region was detected. In the period of 2005-2006, the incidence of the disease increased especially in the east of the Czech Republic in Moravian regions. Since the beginning of 2010 an epidemic occurrence has been registered also in the districts of the Ústí nad Labem region. The fourth chapter deals with immunization against parotitis. Specifically, it refers to the development of vaccines, indication and dosage of used vaccines and the subsequent effectiveness of immunization. It also describes the possible side effects and circumstances for which certain persons could be either temporarily or permanently exclude from vaccination. In the last fifth chapter the system of epidemiological vigilance (parotitis surveillance), which is regulated by Decree No. 473/2008 Coll. on the epidemiological vigilance, as amended, is described. The surveillance also includes anti-epidemic measures. The main objectives of this thesis were to determine the prevalence and incidence of parotitis in the South Bohemian region over the period 2003 - 2012 in order to compare these cases in different age groups and districts of the South Bohemian region. In the practical part a secondary data analysis was carried out. The analyzed data were obtained from the system of reported infectious diseases EPIDAT in the epidemiological department of the Regional Hygiene Station of South Bohemia in České Budějovice and health statistics from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR. For the incidence rate calculation the demographic data from the Czech Statistical Office annual reports were used. The results show that parotitis in the South Bohemian region did not have an upward trend in the monitored period. The highest incidence was in 2012. Previous highs were recorded in 2006 and also in 2003. The highest incidence of parotitis was in the age group of adolescents. It was in the 15-19 year-old age group. Over the monitored period 2003-2012 an occurrence in all districts of South Bohemia was recorded. The highest number of reported cases of the disease was in the district of Tabor. This bachelor thesis could serve as a source of information on epidemiology and incidence of parotitis in South Bohemia both for professionals and the general public.
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A new variation of influenza A ("Pandemic H1N1 2009") - the issue of awareness of vaccination among seniors.
BEČKOVÁ, Věra
The theme of my thesis is the issue of the new strain of influenza A (H1N1 Pandemic 2009) and the associated awareness of vaccination amongst the elderly. The work is divided into two parts, a theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, I tried to comprehensively process the available knowledge on the origins, epidemiology and prevention of influenza with particular emphasis on vaccination, oriented towards the elderly. The practical part is focused on mapping the awareness of the elderly of the issue of vaccination against influenza and analysis of results from a research exploratory investigation. The data acquisition method I used was quantitatively oriented research using anonymus questionnaires. Altogether, I distribued 350 questionnaires; the final number for data processing was 191 questionnaires. In connection with the work I set four hypotheses: 1) More than a third of respondents were vaccinated against the new strain of influenza A (H1N1 Pandemic 2009), 2) The most common reason for not being vaccinated was a lack of information. 3) The size of the place of residence significantly contributes statistically to a sense of awareness of respondents on this issue, 4) More than half of respondents would like to obtain more information on the issue of the new strain of influenza type A (Pandemic H1N1 2009). I confirmed or refuted the formulated the hypotheses based on survey evaluation. The results of the survey showed that most respondents do not feel that they are sufficiently informed about the issue of the new strain of influenza, and therefore discard the use of vaccinations. With this work I would like to stress the importance of information, which can help people consider the risks of influenza and motivate them to be vaccinated. Vaccination is an important means of protection against influenza viruses particulary for high-risk groups including the elderly. For this reason I consider the dissemination of information as very important and I hope that my thesis also serves this purpose.
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Epidemiological analysis of the incidence of influenza type A in the region Jindřichův Hradec with a comparison of the Jihočeský kraj (South region) for 2009 and 2010
NOVÁKOVÁ, Petra
The bulk of the thesis is focused on influenza A. The current theoretical knowledge in virological, epidemiological and clinical fields is summarized. Acute respiratory infections, including the influenza virus disorders, may be also caused by other agents. The most frequent agents which may be easily confused with influenza are also mentioned in the thesis in order to see the visible difference between these infections, which are often incorrectly referred to as influenza. The research part of the thesis deals with the epidemiological analysis of influenza incidence and its comparison in the district and regional levels. I have tried to evaluate the epidemiological situation within a two-year period. To compare the incidence of influenza A, I chose the Jindřichův Hradec region and compared the incidence in this region with that in the South Bohemian region. Both areas may be compared in terms of the diseases incidence, since all the data reported to the Regional Hygienic Station are standardized and calculated to the relative number of 100 000 inhabitants. I got the resources for the research at the Epidemiological department of the Regional Hygienic Station based in České Budějovice, where I used the EPIDAT program that is intended to ensure mandatory reporting, recording and analysis of infectious diseases in the Czech Republic, and looked up the necessary data for the 2009 and 2010 seasons. The data reported by general practitioners are divided into calendar weeks and age groups according to newly emerged diseases. However, individual types of influenza viruses are not mentioned, because not every acute respiratory disease is virologically verified in the laboratory or subsequent tests in the National Reference Laboratory are not carried out. Therefore, available data do not provide the exact incidence rates of influenza in a given period and place. Another important information resource was data on the tests frequency and the results of biological material laboratory tests which were conducted in the tracking period in the National Reference Laboratory for influenza. By analyzing available data it was possible to come to conclusion that in the tracking period influenza and influenza-like illness incidence rates did not reach the emergency epidemiological situation, even though in the region the epidemic threshold was crossed, it was only a short term condition.
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Prevalence Study of Occurence of Nosocomial Gastro-enteritis of Virus Etiology in the Bohnice Asylum in Years 2003-2009.
NUSLOVÁ, Aneta
The degree work is concentrated on the problems of the epidemic as to acute viral gastro-enteritides of nosocomial nature occurring in the Mental Home Bohnice in the years 2003 {--} 2009. I chose for my work the methodology of quantitative research in the form of an epidemiological descriptive study with the technique ``data collection and analysis{\crq}q. The infectious diarrhoeal affections are very current all the time and great importance in developing and even in advanced countries of the world. About 5 {--} 10 million people are dying of diarrhoea often connected with undernourishment in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America per year, whereof 4,6 millions are children aged up to 5 years. The infection diarrhoeal affections in advanced countries of the world are important mainly as to their high frequency because they represent the second most frequent infection just behind the infection of air passages. The theoretical part of the work is concentrated on general characterization of the acute viral gastro-enteritis, on the process of spreading, on the most frequent aetiologic agents and on the new possibilities of diagnosis and therapy. The attention is also paid to the observance of antiepidemical measures and rules fixed in the hygienic and antiinfectious regimen, that prevent further spreading of the diseases in the case that an epidemic has broken out. In this connection, the basic profile and structure of the Mental Home Bohnice is also presented inclusive of important facts concerning the hospitalized patients. These patients form a very specific group of persons in respect to the occurrence of epidemics caused by viral diarrhoeal diseases as they are hospitalized in an isolated environment often for long term and their heath condition depends on psychiatric diagnosis. The performed investigation resumes the general judgement on the problems of epidemics caused by the acute viral gastro-enteritides in the Mental Home. It determines the most frequent aetiologic agents giving rise to this disease and analyzes these epidemics in relation to the age and sex of the patients. Another aim of the work was to explain the seasonal nature of the epidemics and to evaluate the efficiency of antiepidemical measures taken in this establishment. It is necessary to conclusion that the epidemical occurrence of viral gastro-enteritides was registered in Mental Home Bohnice even before the year 2003, but the aetiologic agents could not be specified in greater detail owing to the possibilities of virologic diagnostics being at disposal at that time.
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Analysis of interest of medical workers in vaccination against influenza in the hospital Rudolfa and Stefanie in Benešov.
ZEMANOVÁ, Irena
This diploma thesis is focused on analyzing the interest of health professionals in vaccination against influenza in the Hospital of Rudolf and Stefanie in Benešov. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and an empirical part. The theoretical part processes, in a complex way, the available knowledge about the history of influenza epidemiology and disease prevention with the emphasis on vaccination. The processing of this part used monographic publications, scientific articles from professional journals and electronic resources. In the empirical part, the opinions and attitudes of health workers to vaccination against influenza were analyzed. The research group consisted of health professionals from the Hospital of Rudolf and Stefanie in Benešov. In my thesis, I set two objectives. The first objective was to map the interest of health professionals in vaccination against influenza. The other objective was to find the main reason for the lack of interest in such vaccination. This part was processed using quantitative research. Using charts, I evaluated statistically the data which was obtained in a questionnaire survey. At the end of this section, the obtained results were discussed and some measures were proposed. The main proposal to address the identified deficiencies is to train health professionals and inform them about potential health consequences of influenza for their patients and for themselves.
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Influenza and its etiological agens - virus of many faces
KUČEROVÁ, Olga
This thesis deals with the problem of influenza and other respiratory infections. Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases, which affect 10 % of population each year and during pandemics even 40-50 %. It is often mistaken with common respiratory infections, which mostly have a mild course. This thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. Theoretical part describes the history of influenza and mentions previous pandemics of flu. Further it contains epidemiological characteristics of influenza, deals with vaccination against this disease and we can also find there the explanation of terms such as epidemics, pandemics or between pandemic periods. The thesis contains main differences between influenza and other respiratory infections. The last chapter is composed of brief information of bird flu. In practical part the following aim and hypotheses were stated. The aim of the thesis was to find out the South Moravian region inhabitants´ informedness of differences between influenza and other respiratory infections. I stated two hypotheses. The first hypothesis presumes that the population is interested in the problem of respiratory infections and influenza. The second hypothesis reads: Population does not have true information of differences between influenza and other respiratory infections. To process this thesis I used quantitative research which was carried out by the method of questioning using the questionnaires. It is the most used means of data collection because it enables to provide a big amount of empirical data in a relatively short time. The questionnaire contained 18 questions. I distributed 130 questionnaires, but I could include only 109 complete questionnaires in the research. All results were processed in the form of graphs. After data evaluation both my hypotheses were proved. First hypothesis proved that people are interested in given problem; however women are more interested than men. The second hypothesis was also proved. The research proved unfamiliarity with the differences between influenza and other respiratory infections.
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Risk Analysis, Prevention And Following Crise Measures During A Possible SARS Desease Importation
TOUSECKÝ, Peter
The topic of my bachelor thesis is {\clqq} The Risk Analysis, Prevention and Subsequent Crisis Precaution within Possible SARS Spreading.`` Nowadays SARS {--}Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome belongs to the possible threat to the population and starting with 12 th March 2003 the term SARS was defined as a risk phenomenon by the World Health Organization (WHO). As a matter of fact, SARS at the time of its beginning and spreading all over the world, didn´t occur in the Czech Republic and has been forgotten. More than ever it is necessary to remind the principal aspect of SARS origin and its potential impact on the inhabitants of the Czech Republic and its neighbouring countries in the case of SARS reccurence in the world. Educational training in a form of the anonymous questionnaire consisting of 80 respondents as well as information processing are the parts of my bachelor thesis. To the topic mentioned above I was motivated, at the time of SARS pandemic in the world, by the work in the Security Corps whose aim was monitoring and eliminating refugees inflow toEurope from the region of developing countries. Research data unambiguously prove that the developing countries were the area of SARS origin and occurence. Especially in 2003 in the land register of Strání Květná, district Uherské Hradiště, national border with Slovakia,the inflow more than 1000 refugees was recognized. But the estimates in this region start from the number of 5000 refugees who used this area of national border of the Czech Republic for illegal transferring to the developed European countries, namely Germany, with the help of passers. At that time the members of Force Corps had to face up to refugees drive although they were not trained and protected from SARS infection. I was interested in the problem of the infection transmission and I concluded that the fear in dealing with refugees in this post was wasted. SARS incubation period was maximum 10 days but the refugees´ transit from the country of origin especially from China to the Czech Republic was examined to the period from 1 to 3 months. The necessity to inform inhabitants of possible SARS transmission to Europe and the Czech Republic afterwords results from the mentioned personal knowledge.
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