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Sexual system of the ascomycetes from order Pezizales
Janošík, Lukáš ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čmoková, Adéla (referee)
Sexual reproduction is essential part of life for numerous ascomycetes. Based on their requirement for opposite partner to produce fruiting bodies with ascospores, fungi can be in general divided into two mating systems - homothallism and heterothallism. However, several recent studies suggest that this division is clearly simplified and homothallism is an umbrella term for diverse sexual behaviours. First part of this thesis is focused on the reproduction, mating systems and their evolution in division Ascomycota. The main part summarizes present knowledge about the mating systems of the fungi from order Pezizales. Observations about the members of individual families are discussed, summed up and reviewed in the light of phylogeny and ecology.
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Effect of temperature on life cycle of zygomycetes
Matoušková, Barbora ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Nováková, Alena (referee)
This thesis is aiming on zygomycetes, their importance, their current position in the Fungi kingdom and above all their ecological demands. The paper summarizes the influence of temperature on their life cycle (i.e. primarily on the growth, reproduction and production of metabolites). It focuses mainly on psychrophilic and thermophilic species and describes the mechanisms of adaptation to unfavorable living conditions. To investigate the influence of temperature, zygomycetes are exceptionally suitable model organisms, e.g. in the order Mucorales we can find relatives growing in diametrically different environments. Among the mechanisms of extreme temperature adaptation for zygomycetes are in particular trehalose production, a change in the degree of saturation of membrane phospholipids and the production of membrane stabilizing agents - sterols, glycolipids and sugar alcohols. Key words: temperature, growth, reproduction, life cycle, habitat, extremophiles, Mucoromycotina, Mortierellomycotina
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Physiological basis of extended longevity in termite kings and queens - is activation of telomerase mechanism linked with extended longevity of termites?
Pangrácová, Marie ; Hanus, Robert (advisor) ; Kodrík, Dalibor (referee)
- Extended longevity and high fecundity are two phenomena typical for reproductive castes (queens, eventually kings) of eusocial insects. In my thesis, we explore the hypothesis that the longevity of reproductives in the termite Prorhinotermes simplex is linked with the activation of the telomerase enzyme complex. Telomerase is well known for its life-extension functions, due especially to its capacity to prolong the telomeric ends of chromosomes. Therefore, we studied here the gene expression of: (1) the gene TERT coding for the catalytic subunit of the telomerase and (2) the genes of the main endocrine regulatory pathways, known to be responsible for the control of reproduction and longevity in insects. Expression dynamics of these genes were measured in sterile and reproductive castes of P. simplex during their development and sexual maturation. Based on our results obtained from the TERT expression analyses and their comparison with telomerase enzyme activities, we assume that the telomerase action in the long-lived reproductive individuals is regulated at a post-transcription level. Furthermore, we observed in reproductive castes a simultaneous upregulation of some transcription variants of vitellogenin and the genes for insulin signalling pathways. We can, therefore, conclude that in...
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Agrotechnická opatření při pěstování a sklizni Stévie sladké (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) v polních podmínkách
HAUSEROVÁ, Tereza
Stevia or Stevia rebaudina Bertoni is a plant with very intresting but up to this date not very utilised potential. It a subtropical plant with a sweeting power us much as 300 times higher than in case of sucrose. It is often used as a compensation for sugar- sweetener, suitable for diabetics and people who suffer from overweight. There is processed the characteristics of the plant, botanical description, conditions of cultivation and chemical composition. The practical part elaborates on growing stevia, her germination, reproduction, growing in field conditions and hibernation. The purpose of the thesis was to expand the knowledge regarding cultivation, reproduction methods and wintering options of the stevia plants. A field and a greenhouse experiments were staged with a focus on temperature indicators during the growing season and their impact on the total number of wintered plants. The dry matter yield of the plants was rated per an area unit and statistical processing with experiment results.
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Physiological adaptations associated with body size and longevity in endothermic vertebrates
Pazdera, Lukáš ; Tomášek, Oldřich (advisor) ; Blažek, Radim (referee)
Abstact Lifespan is related to a number of physiological processes that are interconnected. Longevous species are assumed to have evolved certain physiological adaptations that slow down ageing rate and enable long lifespan. The aim of my thesis was to review physiological traits that has been hypothesised to be associated with lifespan, and to evaluate the empirical support for such hypotheses. Studies testing the association of these traits with body size has also been included in my thesis, as body size is known to be tightly related to lifespan. Traits that are reviewed in my thesis due to their hypothesised coevolution with lifespan are as follows: metabolic rate (i.e., a total amount of energy expended by the organism per unit of body mass and unit of time), oxidative stress resistance, telomere length and rate of telomere shortening and intensity of stress and immune responses. Key words: Lifespan, longevity, survival, reproduction, oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, metabnolic rate, immunity, antioxidants
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Aplikace růstových regulátorů pro multiplikaci Vitis vinifera L. v podmínkách in vitro
Mančíková, Simona
The experiment was done at Faculty of Horticulture in Lednice, at the Mendeleum-Institute of genetics. The plant materil was obtained from the technical isolation in Lednice. Four selected grape varieties ('MT' 25/7, 20/52'PM','CR2' 1/48,'K 5BB') as primary culture and multiplied in selected media. All varieties were grown at the same temperature and light conditions. MS medium combined with BA (0.7 mg.l-1), IAA (0.1 mg.l-1) was chosen for the primary culture. The pH was adjusted to 5.8. After the establishment of primary cultures, only the variety 'CR 2' 1/48 survived. In the other varieties ('MT' 07/25, 20/52 and 'PM''K 5BB') infection by fungal and bacterial infections, hyperhydratation, no proliferation of shoots and necrosed individual segments were observed. Variety'CR2' was (after the establishment of primary cultures) multiplied onfive media; DKW combination of BA (0.6 mg.l-1), IBA (0.01 mg.l-1), MS in combination with BA (3.0 mg.l-1), NAA (0, 2 mg.l-1), C2D combination of BA (1.5 mg.l-1), MS enriched by BA (1.5 mg.l-1), IBA (1 0 mg.l-1), and LQ combination of BA (0.4 mg.l-1) and NAA (0.01 mg.l-1). Individual media were evaluated separately with the calculation multiplier of 4 passage. C0 medium was evaluated as the most suitable medium for in vitro grapevine multiplication . The lowest number of new formed shoots and also the worst results were observed on C1 medium. The results of the thesis evaluaete the health condition of plants and the multiplication factor on different media. New formed shoots during the ever single passaging was evaluated as well.
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Seasonality of reproduction in tropical birds
Kačírek, Vojtěch ; Sedláček, Ondřej (advisor) ; Tomášek, Oldřich (referee)
The aim of of this paper is to summarize the knowledge of reproduction seasonality of tropical birds. Work includes characteristics of individual tropical environment and changes in abiotic conditions, focusing on the question, in what sense are tropics aseasonal and what is not. The work includes an overview of methodologies for collecting data during field research focused on monitoring reproduction in birds. The main part of this work is to compare the differences between biogeographic regions, regions and their stimuli, which most commonly lead to the creation of seasonal reproduction, followed by a comparison of individual functional groups of birds (food guilds). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Breeding of White Cockatoos in the Czech Republic and their Rearing and Breeding Administration
Kašíková, Petra ; Vančata, Václav (advisor) ; Řezníček, Jan (referee)
Background: This thesis deals about breeding and rearing white cockatoo in the Czech Republic. The work was conducted through a questionnaire about terms of compiling breeding pair, breeding and breeding conditions, additional feeding methods and kinds of mixtures for feeding and additional feeding. For the research part was used an electronic questionnaire where was collected 34 answers. This thesis includes research and comparison about rearing of 9 own white cockatoos. Objectives: The aim of this work was to describe breeding of white cockatoo in the Czech Republic to give an idea about this kind of parrots to the breeders of exotic parrots. As the first work about breeding and rearing fledgling based on questionnaires, which is complemented by administrative data on hand-rearing several fledglings of white cockaoo. Methods: Data were collected by using structured questionnaire for breeders of white cockatoo in the Czech Republic. The questionnarie was about breeding and rearing this kind of Cockatoo. For the analysis of the development and weight gain of the fledglings was used an administrative monitoring of own breed of white cockatoo. Results: From the research is clear that the fledglings which were additionaly feeded by mixture NutriBird and Kaytee we now know that fledglings which were...
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Metabolic costs of reproduction in vertebrates, particularly in reptiles
Kukačková, Dominika ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
Animal reproduction involves energy expenditures for gamete formation, support of offspring development, and associated behavioural changes. Due to high variability in reproductive traits, reptiles are the ideal study group for this field. Investment in reproductive organs and gametes represent costs of sex products production. The next phase of reproduction is gestation, when females support their developing offspring, which results in additional metabolic costs. Metabolism of pregnant female can be viewed as a sum of resting metabolism, which is the same as in non-pregnant animal, of increased metabolism to support pregnancy, and of embryonic metabolism. Separation of each component is crucial for assessing energy costs of reproduction and for comparison of different reproductive strategies. Certain behavioural changes during reproduction can influence total energy balance as well. These changes include increased locomotion costs or shifts in the thermoregulatory behaviour. Estimation of the real costs of reproduction is a complex matter since a reproduction is a very dynamic process and there are many issues that influence the overall energy consumption of reproducing individuals.
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Early embryonal development and morphogenesis of selected organ systems of the rediae and cercariae of Fascioloides magna.
Pankrác, Jan ; Kašný, Martin (advisor) ; Macůrková, Marie (referee)
Fascioloides magna (giant liver fluke) is a digenetic trematode with two-host life cycle and high veterinary importancy. Typical definitive host is a deer (Cervidae), but many other species from different families can be accidentally infected, for example sheep, goat or cattle. Very important role in the life cycle of F. magna has the first host - fresh water snail of the family Lymnaeidae. Three different life stages of F. magna, two of them with ability of reproduction - sporocysts and rediae develop in the body of snail. The third stage - cercaria is produced by rediae. Cercariae are able to escape from the snail, encyst and become infective for the definitive host. Since the second half of the 19th century many researchers studied the development of particular stages in the first intermediate host, but many characteristics of this process are still not fully understood. This thesis should reveal some of unanswered questions concerning to the reproduction and ontogenetic development of trematodes, which is presented on the examples of three organ systems - muscles, nerves and excretory system of rediae and cercariae of F. magna.
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