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Demographic Development in the Suburban Zone of Prague
Kračunova, Dominika ; Šimková, Martina (advisor) ; Fiala, Tomáš (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the demographic development in the suburban zone of Prague, the territory most affected by the process of suburbanization. The aim of the thesis is to characterize the development of the demographic structure of monitored areas, to capture changes in the level of selected demographic indicators and to create a projection of the future development of the population. In the surveyed areas, the size of the population increased significantly during the period under review, mainly due to migration of specific age groups into the area. Immigration has led to a significant rejuvenation of the population and has brought about changes in the population structure that have had a decisive influence on the further development of the surveyed demographic indicators.
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Transforming the composition of families and households in the 19th and the 20th centuries in a selected area of the Czech Lands
Havlíčková, Barbora ; Fialová, Ludmila (advisor) ; Velková, Alice (referee)
Transforming the composition of families and households in the 19th and 20th centuries in a selected area of the Czech Lands Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze changes in the size and composition of families and households in the 19th and 20th centuries in the South Bohemian town of Soběslav. The research is based on a comparison of data obtained excerption of census in 1869, 1880 and 1910. The first part of the demographic analysis focuses on the assessment of the size and structure of the population by age, sex, family status and nationality. In the second part the survey data from individual census are processed for individual households and families. The notion of familly and household is based on the basis of cohabitation. The division of households by the P. Laslett was used.
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Spatial variability in population structure of wintering Ducks
Prokešová, Erika ; Musil, Petr (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
5 Abstract This thesis is aimed at spatial variability of population structure of our four most common and the most numerous species of ducks wintering in the Czech Republic. These analysed species are Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), Common Merganser (Mergus merganser) and Northern Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula). The field data were collected by January International Waterbird Census in the Czech Republic between 2004 and 2013. Analysed habitat variables include: type of wetland, altitude, population size, level of urbanisation (size of settlement) and mean January air temperature in the investigated site. There was found no significant effect of type of wetland and local population density on population structure in any of these bird species. The next factor, altitude of sites was confirmed as significant only for Mallards, when increasing altitude decreased proportion of males in the population. Furthermore, effect of urbanization was found also in Mallard, when proportions of males increased with level of urbanization, i.e. in larger cities. Finally, , temperature of sites was confirmed to be significant factor affecting population size in the three analyzed species, i.e. in Mallard, Tufted Duck and Northern Goldeneye. Except Common Merganser, ratio of males grew with...
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Internal structure of the Balkan refugium using Erinaceus roumanicus as a model organism
Eliášová, Kristýna ; Černá Bolfíková, Barbora (advisor) ; Zemanová, Barbora (referee)
The aim of this work was to describe the spatial distribution of genetic variability of the northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus), mainly within the Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe, as these areas are crucial for understanding the effects of Pleistocene climate oscillations on the genetic architecture of the species. Based on this spatial distribution, hypotheses about the possible structuring of the Balkan refugia were formulated. A total of 260 individuals and 9 microsatellite loci were used for the analysis. Using the approach of landscape and population genetics several possible isolated subpopulations within the area surveyed were identified. Unique status was proved for a population originating from Crete, probably influenced by mechanisms of island evolution. Differences from the rest of the range were ascertained also in population from the Czech Republic, located in a secondary contact zone with the E. europeaus. The role of interspecific interactions and possible introgression should be considered in this case. In the area of Romania and the area south of the Balkan Peninsula the highest genetic distances between individuals were identified, probably associated with the occurrence of geographical barriers and the possible presence of glacial subrefugia. Other identified...
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Y chromosome in the mouse hybrid zone
Rubík, Pavel ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Zemanová, Barbora (referee)
The contact zone between subspecies of house mouse Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus is one of the most intensively studied hybrid zones. It is also due to extensive introgression of the Y chromosome of M. m. musculus subspecies to the genetic background of M. m. domesticus. One theory of the origin of the introgression explains it by intragenomic conflict between the sexes. With a set of variable microsatellite markers on the Y chromosome, I have examined the validity of this theory by simple approaches revealing the history of the introgression area. It turned out that overly big variability of our markers makes the revelation of this theory impossible. Our markers have been found suitable for use in the analysis of population structure of house mouse. Thanks to them, we can identify migrants between localities and estimate the level of closeness of the population structure in relation to migrants from the neighborhood. Populations in our analysis proved to be relatively closed and resistant to the influx of migrants. Despite the conclusions of previous research where the dispersion of males ran up to one kilometer, I have discovered a relatively large number of migrations to a distance of thirty kilometers. Keywords Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus domesticus, Y chromosome,...
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Population structure of the gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Říhová, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Pivnička, Karel (referee)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus), is historicaly the most widespread carnivore with the former range including most of the northern hemisphere. The ambivalent relationship of humans to this predator resulted in extermination of this species in many areas, on the other hand led to the evolution of the dog, unique domesticant with vast phenotypic variation. The effort of conservation biology in last decades resulted in the shift of perception the role of big carnivores in ecosystems, with consequent recolonization of many regions by wolf, including the Czech republic. This changes brings the elevation of interest in this taxon by both experts and laymans. Present review aims to assemble published information regarding distribution, phylogeography, population structure, social and spatial behaviour of the gray wolf. The chapters describing the domestication process of the dog and hybridization with his wild ancestor are included.
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Diversity, distribution and genetic structure of the tribe Pipistrellini
Eliášová, Kristýna ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Fornůsková, Alena (referee)
This literature review discusses phylogenetic relationships within the family Vespertilionidae with a detailed focus on tribus Pipistrellini relations and then the individual genera and species within this tribe. A historical summary of efforts to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the taxon first on the basis of morphological studies, comparison of karyotype and most recently on the basis of genetic markers. Mitochondrial genetic markers are useful in studying phylogeography, as this paper shows on the example of the Pipistrellus species complex and on species Nyctalus azoreum, Nyctalus leisleri, Nyctalus noctula and Pipistrellus abramus. Furthermore, this work describes the current distribution of individual taxa of tribe, the fossil record and migration behavior of European temperate species in the context of their population structure (also studied in some species using mtDNA and microsatellites) and Annex shows the areas extending all five genera Pipistrellini tribe. Key words: Pipistrellini, phylogenenetics, phylogeography, distribution, population structure
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Population structure of flower chafer Oxythyrea funesta (Poda, 1761) and phylogeny of the genus Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842
Vondráček, Dominik ; Šípek, Petr (advisor) ; Bezděk, Aleš (referee)
Eleven species are distinguished in the genus Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) nowadays. They are not divided into subspecies. Diversity of the genus is concentrated in the Mediterranean and Oxythyrea funesta (Poda, 1761) inhabit a wide area in the western Palearctic Region. It was observed in last decades, that O. funesta retreated from central Europe to south and then recolonized it back including new areas in northern regions. Master thesis is focused on resolving population structure of O. funesta and partial phylogeny of the genus Oxythyrea using molecular genetic methods. 145 individuals of O. funesta and 15 individuals of five other species of the genus Oxythyrea appear in analysis. We acquired sequences of mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I (807 bp), cytochrome b (381 bp) and nuclear gene internal transcribed spacer 1 (946 bp) from these specimens. The results of phylogenetic analysis confirmed so far the only one existing interpretation of relationships within the genus Oxythyrea based on morphological data. We also confirmed complicated relationships between O. funesta and O. pantherina, which also appear in the historical development of their taxonomy. We detected different genetic lineage in Sicily, southern Italy and Tunisia using phylogenetic trees and haplotype...
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Microevolutionary processes in the Czech endemic Campanula bohemica
Hanušová, Kateřina ; Suda, Jan (advisor) ; Vít, Petr (referee)
The genus Campanula L. - bellflower - is the largest group of the family Campanulaceae with a subcosmopolitan distribution and poorly resolved infrageneric classification. The evolutionary history of the genus has been shaped by a number of microevolutionary processes, including interspecific hybridization, genome duplication and geographical isolation, that resulted in the genesis of several endemic or geographically restricted species. The centre of endemism in the Czech Republic lies in subalpine altitudes of the Jeseníky and the Krkonoše (Giant) mountains, where three endemic taxa can be found: C. gelida Kovanda, C. rotundifolia L. subsp. sudetica (Hruby) Soó and C. bohemica Hruby. Despite their evolutionary and biogeographical value, there is a lack of information about their phenotypic variation, population structure, evolutionary history and processes acting in their populations. A critical assessment of these topics would require application of modern biosystematics tools. Campanula bohemica is an endangered neoendemics of higher altitudes in the Krkonoše Mts., closely related to C. scheuchzeri Vill., native to the Alps. The endemic species often grows in sympatry with related and morphologically similar C. rotundifolia. The incidence of intermediate morphotypes suggest that both species can...
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The structure of the population by sex - Czech Republic
KALBÁČOVÁ, Jana
This bachelor thesis discuss demography, respectively demography changes in the Czech Republic, in the field of population structure in accordance with the biological characters. There is captured an attempt of understanding the influence of the mutual gendre structure, some demographic processes and phenomenon. Secondly there is an attempt to identify factors influencing the structure. Particularly focusing on historical development number of men and women in the Czech Republic by gendre level, as well as the age level and spatial diferential of the population by gender. It presents different types of the counties, districts and Administration office with Municipal extended powers by studied structures. The thesis contains the cartographic outputs, tables, graphs.
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