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Studium variability DNA pšenice
Pečinková, Jana
Common wheat is one of the most important agricultural plants, their use is not only feeding, but especially in the food industry. In recent years, great interest is focused on the wheat caryopsis unusual coloration, e.g. purple yellow and blue. This coloring is caused by natural dyes, which have evidently positive impact on living organisms. Therefore, the aim is to use colored wheat also in human nutrition. This work is focused on the detection of allelic composition at loci Glu-A3, Pina, Pinb and null allele's Waxy genes, using molecular markers based on PCR. Bread-making quality depends on the composition of storage proteins, glutenins and gliadins and their rate. It is important to the starch content in caryopses and the ratio of amylose and amylopectin. Milling, resp. feeding quality is affected by the hardness of wheat caryopses. Using molecular analysis in 13 genotypes with white (1 genotype), purple pericarp (8), yellow endosperm (4) has been described allelic variation at the locus Glu-A3, Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1, and null alleles at locus Wx-B1 were detected. The obtained results can be used in wheat breed-ing with an unusual coloration of kernels.
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Šlechtění révy vinné - historie a vývoj
Oherová, Kristýna
Breeding is a creative activity, to which we owe the development of new varieties. There are various breeding goals, for example resistance to fungal diseases, pests and frost or high quality of wine and grapes. Historically, conventional breeding methods were used first. Molecular genetics has introduced new and more modern findings. Currently the most used and the most advanced methods include the ones using molecular markers. Thanks to these methods it is easier to achieve breeding goals.
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Současná úroveň poznání genomu druhu Prunus persica (L.) Baatsch.
Chaloupský, Pavel
Presented paper summarizes the status of knowledge on the peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.) genome. Peach belongs to the Rosaceae family. This species is, along with other important crops, encompassed by Prunus genus. Peach is one of the least hardy fruit species. Despite that, it is widely cultivated in the temperate zone and has indisputable economic importance. Because of its importance and suitable properties, peach is genetically well characterized. Methods of molecular genetics have played a considerable role on the current state of knowledge on the peach genomics. Modern molecular methods may be utilized in order to identify and localize specific DNA sequences -- markers. Molecular markers are widely used for DNA fingerprinting, genome mapping, development of improved varieties and other applications.
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Přehled používaných molekulárních markerů při studiu genomu rodu Prunus
Nováková, Jana
Molecular marker is information about the organism based on an analysis of its molecules, and can use them to easily detect differences in genetic information. For the plant species this is used for example to identify cultivars and genetic relationships among them, for the study of genetic diversity and in the genetic mapping. This thesis deals with the molecular markers used in the study of the genome Prunus persica and Prunus armeniaca. These molecular markers include RFLP markers, RADP markers, AFLP markers and microsatellites.
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Hodnocení genetické diverzity genových zdrojů rostlin, programy, modely, využití
Oshea, Denisa
The bachelor thesis is a literature review on the topic of genetic diversity evaluation. The beginning is devoted to genetic diversity in general terms, its importance, its history, and its loss, that is irrecoverable and is regarded by many as the most important environmental problem. In addition, its protection, which is very important and in the Czech Republic is secured by the National program for conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. The work also describes the methods of evaluation from morphological, through biochemical to molecular. There are described and compared mainly molecular methods such as RAPD, AFLP, RT-PCR, and others. The last part is devoted to a description of some plant genomes databases. One of them is for example The European Vitis Database.
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Population biology of the pine needle pathogen Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Syd. (Capnodiales, Ascomycota)
Janoušek, Josef
Lecanosticta acicola is a heterothallic ascomycete that causes brown spot needle blight (BSNB) on native and non-native Pinus spp. in many regions of the world. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the origin of L. acicola populations in Europe and consider the reproductive mode of the pathogen in affected areas. In order to study the population genetics of L. acicola, eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. In addition, mating type markers that amplify both mating type idiomorphs (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) were designed and the protocols for their applications were optimised. Collections of diseased material were obtained from 17 host species in Asia, Europe and America. In total, 201 isolates from diseased pine needles were obtained. All isolates were screened with the microsatellite markers and the mating type idiomorph determined with the mating type markers. For 87 individuals, part of the Translation Elongation Factor 1-alfa gene was sequenced. The isolates from Central America were unique, highly diverse and most likely represent a new cryptic species. The isolates from East Asia formed a discrete group. Two distinct populations were identified in both North America and Europe. Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses strongly suggest independent introductions of two populations from North America into Europe. Microsatellite data and mating type distributions showed the presence of sexual reproduction in North America and in Europe. Results from this thesis have showed that European populations of L. acicola originate from North America. This is the first study of L. acicola populations on a global scale.
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PCR-based detection of hidden carriers of cataracts in dogs
FARKOVÁ, Barbora
The hereditary cataract is one of the most common eye disease in dogs. The expansion of this disease in the Staffordshire bullterrier breed has been so massive that in the Czech Republic was introduced the rule of mandatory testing of at least one of a breeding pair. This is a degenerative disease of the lens causing total blindness of the affected animal within three years. Since some time ago there are no more dogs affected by the disease in the Czech Republic, there are however still hidden carriers which need to be discovered to the complete extinction of the disease in the genome. The goal of this study was to test simple ways of collecting biological samples, try them in practice and to verify whether they are suitable for the DNA isolation and also to test an alternative method of molecular detection of this disease. In total there have been 23 buccal swabs collected from male and female Staffordshire Bullterrier examples. The detection of the hidden carriers of the hereditary cataract was carried out by PCR analysis with specific primers. The obtained amplicons were detected by both gel and chip electrophoresis and by using fragment analysis. This detection of the carriers was based on the presence of two amplicons (heterozygotes). I came to conclusion that to detect hidden carriers it is neccessary to use the fragment analysis because of the difference of only one base in the reference section of DNA. Neither gel nor chip electrophoresis does provide sufficiently high resolution and it is not possible to detect two fragments that differ only by one bp. As the most appropriate sampling method I have chosen the buccal smear by cytological brush followed by isolating the DNA by Chelex with purification of the sample subsequently.
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Confirmation of \kur{Beauveria caledonica} occurence in Šumava National park by molecular markers
BINDER, Richard
Biological plant protection against insect pests is an important alternative to chemical protection. One of the most important group used in the biological plant protection against insect pests are the entomopathogenic fungi. Entomopathogenic fungi are microscopic fungi that are able to induce a primary disease to insect pests. It is a very heterogeneous group of species. Worldwide there were isolated and described more than 750 species of entomopathogenic fungi. Genus Beauveria is considered one of the most important genera of entomopathogenic fungi. In the Czech Republic there has been confirmed species B. bassiana, B. brongniartii and now, on the basis of this work, B. caledonica. This study is aimed to confirm the occurrence of B. caledonica in National Park Šumava. To confirm this occurrence, I used analyzes based on the methods of molecular markers. Molecular markers are an indispensable part of science in the field of mycology, for example the strain characterization, population genetics, detection and identification of fungi, phylogenetic studies and evolutionary biology. For this study there were used sequence analysis of ITS, EF1- and LSU regions. The output data of these analyzes were used to create phylogenetic trees. The result of my thesis is taxonomical classification of studied isolates on species level.
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Biosystematic studies in the family Cyperaceae
KOŠNAR, Jan
The thesis was focused on the microevolutionary mechanisms that contribute to morphological diversity in selected members of the sedge family (Cyperaceae). Natural hybridization, evidenced from both morphological characters and molecular markers, was revealed to be a potentially important source of diversification in the tropical spikerushes of Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa. High levels of phenotypic plasticity of clonal growth but rare genetic (ecotypic) differentiation among contrasting morphotypes were found in the polymorphic species Carex nigra, which implied that taxonomic splitting of the species was unreasonable.
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