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Comparison of the gaseous and liquid releases of the Czech and world nuclear power plants
DOBEŠ, Petr
In this work, which deals with problematics of releases from nuclear power plants, I tried to make an overview of various types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes which are released through liquid and gasseous effluents. As a part of this comparison evaluation of czech and world nuclear power plants gaseous and liquid releases was made. Introductory part of this work contains information about different types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes, which are produced in their reactors. It continues with today{\crq}s legislative and information about releasing levels and methods and systems used for measurement of radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents from nuclear power plants. Second part of this work describes the aim of this work and hypothesis. Third part explains the methods, which were used for completing of this work. Fourth part contains results in the form of tables and graphs. Fifth part represents discussion of the results. Last part is a summarization of the results.
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Estimation of Tritium Activity in the River Vltavawith Respect to the Liquid Wastes from the Nuclear Power Plant Temelin.
ŠKOPEK, Petr
The main goal of this Thesis was to measure tritium activity in the Vltava River and in the vicinity of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (hereinafter referred to as JETE) with the following objectives: Possibility to use the outlet of waste water damping unit (hereinafter referred to as VTOOV) as a control alerting system for nonstandard events in JETE, furthermore, monitoring of possible correlations between volume activity of tritium measured in VTOOV and activity above the limit value of the first quality class in selected sections of the Vltava River as well as comparison of the measured values with the results of other authors, and, finally, assessment of the relevance of the water quality estimated by the volume activity of tritium to the water quality according to other ingredients, i.e., stable isotopes of some metals and risk elements as well as general physical and chemical indicators. Theoretical part of the Thesis deals with radioactivity in general, activity of tritium, with regard to operation of nuclear plants, over the world and, especially, in the Czech Republic. The actual work consisted of collection of samples at predetermined places, preparation of these samples for measurement and measurement of tritium activity using scintillation spectrometer with liquid scintillator. Furthermore, basic chemical and physical properties of water, concentration of selected elements and also some anions were determined. The collected data were used for classification of waters from individual collection places into quality classes according to ČSN 75 7221. In all analyzed cases no activities were found which exceeded the limit values of liquid outlets from Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, given by regulations issued on waters by the District Health Office in Ceske Budejovice according to §8 of Act No. 138/73 Coll., in compliance with SÚJB requirements. This Thesis could be beneficial for possible utilization of VTOOV as a control alerting system for nonstandard events in JETE and also for assessment of impact of wastewaters from JETE on waters of the Vltava River.
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Effectiveness evaluation of countermeasures adopted after the Chernobyl accident
ROTREKLOVÁ, Tereza
The utilisation of nuclear energy entails, like any other human activity, risk of occurrence of accidents and emergencies. On Saturday 26th April 1986 early morning in the fourth block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine occurred the biggest industrial accident in the peace usage of nuclear energy. It led to a vast leakage of radioactive debris to the wide surrounding area. An accident of such extent has never been thought possible before and it has surprised national authorities responsible for emergency preparedness practically in all counties operating nuclear power plants. It was crucial to prepare and introduce many countermeasures to restrict exposure of persons and environment to radiation. The most affected countries have been today{\crq}s Byelorussia, Russia and Ukraine. Although international instructions and criteria for failure actions had existed even before the Chernobyl accident, the experience with their application was very limited. Needless to say, some short-term countermeasures had been neglected or insufficiently realised. Inhabitants were not informed about the accident in time and therefore they hid late. Also iodine prophylaxis did not start in time, which led to unnecessarily high irradiation of thyroid gland. The evacuation was, in view of decreasing external exposure, executed within possibilities efficiently. As for the long-term countermeasures related not only to the liquidation of the aftermath of the accident in the area of the nuclear power plant but especially the decontamination works in residential units and on contaminated soils, regulation of food chains and relocation of persons from the affected areas, preventive and health care of the inhabitants living in the contaminated territory - these measures were massive in scope and in principle mostly reasoned and effective. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of some of these measures was somewhat deteriorated by the fact they were introduced area-wide (only on the basis of the surface contamination and not on the estimation of exposure from whole-body measurements), were not fully substantiated and later had to by cancelled for economical reasons. Not only economical factors play an important role in the planning and application of the countermeasures (mainly long-term ones). Without question it is necessary to secure that the measures can be applied in the contaminated areas in view of their effectiveness in sufficient extent for time long enough and after a thorough evaluation of all pros and cons, expenses and gains. As well, it is needed to take into consideration the effect of social and psychological factors, where in practise a satisfactory progress has not been made yet. Many studies proved that the introduction of countermeasures affects the increase of psychosocial tension among the involved people. This negative attitude results from the public{\crq}s lack of information about radiation and about the possibilities of its reduction and consequent fear and anxiety due to the uncertainty regarding future. Because of the concealment of information about the Chernobyl accident, also distrust of citizens against authorities has remained to be a problem. However, the approach of public is very important in regard to the effectiveness of countermeasures. In order that the measures would be accepted as well as possible, it is needed to secure corresponding education programs and to engage public into discussions and decision-making within the introduced measures.
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Asimilace časoprostorového rozložení radionuklidů v časné fázi radiační nehody
Hofman, Radek ; Šmídl, Václav
Exploitation of the data assimilation methodology in the early phase of radiation accident is studied. When radioactive pollutants are released into the atmosphere, a radioactive plume is passing over the terrain. The released radioactive material causes pathway-specific irradiation which has detrimental effects on population health. In order to ensure efficiency of introduced countermeasures, it is necessary to predict spatial and temporal distribution of the aerial pollution and material already deposited on the ground. The predictions are made by the means of a numerical dispersion model with many inputs. Output of such a model is a prediction of radiation situation given in terms of radiological quantities. Exact values of the inputs are uncertain due to the stochastic nature of the dispersion, lack of accurate information, etc. Their subjective choice can introduce significant errors into the predictions and thus decrease the positive impact of the countermeasures.
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Socio-ecological and psychological impacts of the Nuclear power plant Temelín on local population
Rynda, Ivan ; Těšitel, Jan ; Kušová, Drahomíra ; Bartoš, Michael
The nuclear power plant of Temelín can be seen as an unusual landscape feature in rural landscape of South Bohemia influencing quality of life of local population. The project trees to reveal a process of adaptation of local community to the nuclear power plant. Based on data gained within sociological survey, local community seems to manifest some degree of adaptation to the given situation. In the context of landscape ecology, “visual aggressiveness” of plant’s cooling towers evokes the feeling of subconscious disquiet and is perceived as main change of south-bohemian landscape character.
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Nuclear power Temelín and its influence on perception of landscape character
Bartoš, Michael ; Kušová, Drahomíra ; Těšitel, Jan
The nuclear power plant of Temelín can be seen as an unusual landscape feature in rural landscape of South Bohemia. The paper discusses a process of adaptation of local community to the nuclear power plant. Based on data gained within sociological survey in the year 2004, local community seems to manifest some degree of adaptation to the given situation. In the context of landscape ecology, “visual aggressiveness” of plant’s cooling towers reaching the height of 155 meters evokes the feeling of subconscious disquiet and is perceived as main change of south-bohemian landscape character.
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Hledání ztraceného času - zhodnocení studie z roku 1983: "Krajinně ekologické důsledky výstavby a provozu Jaderné elektrárny Temelín".
Bartoš, Michael ; Kušová, Drahomíra ; Těšitel, Jan
A part of the study from the year 1983 “Landscape-ecological consequences of the construction and running the Nuclear power plant Temelín“ was used as one of the information bases for the research project “Social-ecological and psychological impacts of the nuclear power plant of Temelín”. The main hypothesis of the study was that nuclear power plant Temelín would be the main driving force of the region’s development. From nowadays point of view this hypothesis is actual (was accomplished). On the other hand the study didn’t take into account the possibilities of political and economic changes in the Czech Republic. As a result, many of socio economic phenomena forecasted by the study have not become reality.
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Vnímání Jaderné elektrárny Temelín jihočeskou populací v proměnách času (1993-2003)
Těšitel, Jan ; Kušová, Drahomíra ; Bartoš, Michael
Nuclear power plant of Temelín is a phenomenon influencing almost all aspects of life of local population. The article is based on comparison of selected results gained within two sociological surveys, one conducted in the year of 1993 and the other in 2003. Relation of local population to the nuclear power plant was one of key issues addressed in both surveys. Perception of the nuclear power plant proved to have changed over time. The shift can be named „from danger to anxiety“. The main factor keeping population anxious about nuclear power plant seem to be a fact that the plant is visible from everywhere, representing thus „visual contamination of environment“ of some kind.
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Perception of the nuclear power plant of Temelín by local population in two time horizons (1993/2003)
Těšitel, Jan ; Kušová, Drahomíra ; Bartoš, Michael
Nuclear power plant of Temelín is a phenomenon influencing almost all aspects of life of local population. The article is based on comparison of selected results gained within two sociological surveys, one conducted in the year of 1993 and the other in 2003. Relation of local population to the nuclear power plant was one of key issues addressed in both surveys. Perception of the nuclear power plant proved to have changed over time. The shift can be named äfrom danger to anxiety'. The main factor keeping population anxious about nuclear power plant seem to be a fact that the plant is visible from everywhere, representing thus ävisual contamination of environment' of some kind.
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