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Prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium infecting fur animals
KELLNEROVÁ, Klára
The object of this thesis was evaluation of occurrence and prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in fur animals, mainly American mink, fox and chinchilla. A total 370 individual specimens originated from mink (n = 340), fox (n = 18) and chinchilla (n = 12) were collected. While microscopy examination did not proved any presence of Cryptosporidium oocyst in fecal samples, molecular tolls based on amplification of small ribosomal subunit and 60 kDa glycoprotein of Cryptosporidium revealed three positive samples in minks. Following phylogeny analyses of both loci showed presence of C. ubiquitum of the XIIa1 family subtype in all positive samples. The XIIa1 family subtype was detected in Carnivores for the first time. No correlation between Cryptosporidium infection and presence of diarrhea was observed in this thesis.
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Biology and diversity of Cryptosporidium infecting squirrels (Sciuridae)
BARVÍŘ, Pavel
In total 399 samples from three species of squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris, Sciurus carolinensis and Callosciurus finlaysonii) were collected from 2010 to 2013. All samples were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium using by molecular methods, which demonstrated by presence of Cryptosporidium specific DNA in 18 samples (4.5%). Out of them 12 samples were positive onCryptosporidium ferret genotype, 3 on Cryptosporidium skunk genotype, 1 on Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I and 2 samples onCryptosporidium ubiquitum. Statistical analyses did not reveal any influence of gender on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium. Juvenile individuals of squirrels from the family Sciuridae are more often infected by Cryptosporidium than the adult animals.
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Cryptosporidial infection in hedgehog
HUCLOVÁ, Kristýna
This study involves the morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in hedgehogs. Course of infection based on 405 isolates from 15 hedgehogs obtained during a few months was observed. Morfological and molecular analyses were conducted to detect oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. Altogether 69 (17.01%) samples from 11 hedgehogs were morfologically positive and 81 (19.9%) samples were molecular positive. Only 4 individuals remained negative, the cumulative prevalence represented 73.3 % of total samples. Oocysts from monitored hedgehogs measuring 4.94,7 m (mean = 4.8 m) × 4.0-3.8 m (mean = 3.9 m) with a length to width ratio of 1.22 (1.261.20) (n = 50) in native were indistinguishable from those of C. erinacei and C. parvum. Molecular analyses based on small subunit rRNA, 60 kDa glycoprotein and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein revealed presence of C. parvum and C. erinacei. Cryptosporidium parvum IIdA18G1 was detected in 11 hedgehogs. Mixed infection with C. parvum with C. erinacei was observed in 3 animals. The C. parvum IIdA18G1 genotype has never been described in hedgehog before. It belongs to zoonotic IId subtype family frequently found in goats and lambs. This subtype was identified in lambs from Great Britain and Spain and also in children from Kuwait. Cryptosporidium erinacei is adapted to hedgehogs and it does not appear to cause clinical disease in hedgehogs. All positive individuals were juvenile and wild hedgehogs.
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Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. infecting rodents from subfamily Arvicolinae in the Czech Republic
HÁJKOVÁ, Ivana
Abstract In order to examine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in wild Arvicolinae in the Czech Republic and understand the role that wild rodents play in the transmission of this parasite to humans and livestock, 152 faecal samples from 129 common voles (Microtus arvalis) and 23 bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were collected on 9 localities in 2012. All samples were examined for presence of Cryptosporidium sp. using both the aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining method and molecular tools. The age, sex and faecal consistency were noted at the time of sampling. Microscopical examination revealed the presence Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in 2 samples originated from common voles and 2 samples from bank voles. Genotyping was done through PCR amplification and characterization of the SSU rRNA and actin loci. Cryptosporidium specific DNA was detected in 10 samples (4 from common voles and 6 from bank voles) including those microscopically positive. Cryptosporidium infection was not linked to diarrhoea. Sequence and following phylogeny analyses revealed two new Cryptosporidium genotypes originated from bank voles and two new genotype from common vole, phylogeneticaly distinct from known species and genotypes. The host specificity needs to be verified by experimental infection in the future.
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Susceptibility of pigs to various Cryptosporidium species and genotypes
KESTŘÁNOVÁ, Michaela
Three-four and 8 week old pigs (three animals per isolate) were inoculated with Cryptosporidium muris C. tyzerri, C. suis and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II at a dose of 1 × 107 oocysts per animal. Pigs inoculated with C. muris or C. tyzerri showed no detectable infection and no clinical symptoms of cryptosporidiosis during 30 days post infection (DPI), and no macroscopic changes were detected in the digestive tract after necropsy. Any developmental stages were detected in gastrointestinal tract tissue neither by histology nor PCR throughout the duration of the experiment. The infectivity of these isolates was verified on SCID mice, in which oocysts shedding started from 4 to 8 DPI. Experimental infection revealed susceptibility of both 4 and 8 week old pigs to C. suis. While parasitological, molecular and histology examination confirmed susceptibility of 8 week old pigs to Cryptosporidium pig genotype II, 4 week old pigs were not being infected with this genotype. Both C. suis and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II were detected in small and large intestine. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that pigs are not susceptible to C. muris or C. tyzzeri infection, C. suis does not have age specificity and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II is not infectious for pre-weaned pigs
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Poultry cryptosporidiosis
KURAL, Vladimír
A total of 270 samples of domestic hen (Gallus gallus f. domestica) from 20 farms were collected during two consecutive years (from 2011 to 2012). Microscopical examination of aniline-carbol-methyl violet stained fecal smears revealed 5 positive samples originating from one farm. DNA was extracted from Cryptosporidium positive samples and all microscopically negative samples. Nested PCR was performed to amplify the partial SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium. The sequence analyses of PCR-positive specimens identified 8 samples as a novel genotype, working titled Cryptosporidium hen genotype. The sequences identified as hen genotype matched most closely with Cryptosporidium bovis which was originally reported from cattle in the most cases.
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Intraspecies variability of Cryptosporidium parvum infecting calves
HOLUBOVÁ, Nikola
Faecal samples for parasitologic examination were obtained from ten farms. A total of 161 faecal specimens were fixed on a slide by methanol and stained with aniline-carbol-methyl violet. Of the 161 specimens, 47 (29,2 %) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts presence, namely Cryptosporidium parvum. The prevalence of C. parvum infection was highest in calves around 2 weeks of age, the erder ones were also recorded to be positive but in a weeker intensity. As the most risky management system was evaluated to be technology group housing and housing in ``Staimanové boudy{\crqq}, which were in close proximity and contact between neighboring calves was not prevented. In each breeding, only one type of subtype was detected.
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The destiny of oocysts of \kur{Cryptosporidium} spp. in the enviroment in contact with different kinds of invertebrates
KOCIÁNOVÁ, Jitka
This study deals with occurrence, dispersion and destruction of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a particular environment. It therefore focuses on the contact with different kinds of invertebrates. It reveals, how oocysts get to contact with the invertebrates and what happens to them, whether they pass through their body and digestive tract. Next, the study describes, what happens, if the oocysts are excreted because some of the invertebrates could digest and destruct the oocysts and the other invertebrates could act the role of transmitters. The other information is about different methods, which can be used for detecting the oocysts in the environment or in the bodies of different kinds of invertebrates.
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Cryptosporidial infections of pigs
FORNBAUMOVÁ, Iva
Recent genetic and biological characterization studies have identified 2 distinct apparently host-adapted genotypes of Cryptosporidium in pigs, that is, Cryptosporidium suis and the Cryptosporidium pig genotype II. The infection of both the above mentioned Cryptosporidium appears to occur a much less severe disease in pigs than it does Cryptosporidium parvum. Sporadic cases of C. suis in human have been reported, but the risk of infection for human is uncertain.
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The role of rotifers by filtration of \kur{Cryptosporidium} in water column
BRŮČKOVÁ, Petra
Filtration abilities of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) were studied. The filtration rate of rotifers is quick: the passage of oocysts through the digestive system is few minutes only. During the first 10 minutes 24300 of whole amount one million oocysts passed through the digestive system of 100 rotifers. Moreover, 93% of oocysts were death after passage. All oocysts expelled were unable to infect suckling BALB/c mice. Oocysts were degraded in mastax, stomach and intestine. Rotifers can be use for detection of cryptosporidia oocysts in water and they effectively decrease their numbers.
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